Epidemiology of rotavirus in Portugal: G9 as a major cause of diarrhoea in non-hospitalised children

Rodrigues, Fernanda; Iturriza‐Gómara, Miren; Gray, Jim; Januário, Luís; Lemos, Luís

doi:10.1016/j.jcv.2007.08.006

Cited by 21 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…Among all the samples, G9P [8] was detected in only 14.0%, contrary to what was found in a study from a 2006 Portuguese Hospital-based study, in the center of Portugal, in which G9P [8] was found to be the most prevalent genotype, accounting for 90% of cases. 6 Although interesting, this regional differences have already been documented by other authors. 11 G3P [8] and G4P [8], two of the most prevalent types reported worldwide, 4 were not detected in this study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…5 In Portugal, in 2006, G9P [8] was the predominant strain in a Hospital-based study. 6 Also, recently, a high prevalence of G2P [4] was reported from Brazil, and linked with the universal RV vaccination programme that used a G1P [8] live RV vaccine. 7 The authors of this study 7 speculate that the use of a G1P [8] vaccine might have eradicated vaccine-related serotypes, allowing G2P [4] to emerge.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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G2P[4] the most prevalent rotavirus genotype in 2007 winter season in an European non-vaccinated population

Antunes

Afonso

Iturriza‐Gómara³

et al. 2009

Journal of Clinical Virology

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

G2P[4] the most prevalent rotavirus genotype in 2007 winter season in an European non-vaccinated population

Antunes

Afonso

Iturriza‐Gómara³

et al. 2009

Journal of Clinical Virology

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“…Genotype G9 was identified in 72% and 90% of these samples, respectively. This finding was in concert with the rapid emergence of G9 reported in many locations throughout the world, for example, Thailand (Khamrin et al, 2006), Brazil (Santos and Hoshino, 2005), and Portugal (Rodrigues et al, 2007). …”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Characterization of novel VP7, VP4, and VP6 genotypes of a previously untypeable group A rotavirus

et al. 2009

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Rotavirus is the most common cause of acute gastroenteritis among infants and young children throughout the world, but rotavirus cases in developing countries account for nearly all of the ∼600,000 annual deaths. We studied the epidemiology of rotavirus in 22 rural communities in northern coastal Ecuador over a five-year period. From 250 rotavirus positive stool specimens, the percentage that could not be RT-PCR genotyped for VP4 and VP7 was 77% and 63%, respectively. The possibility of sample degradation was considered but discounted after an experimental examination of rotavirus stability and EM visualization of rotavirus-like particles in several untypeable samples. Finally, alternate primers were used to amplify Ecu534, a sample that was untypeable using most published VP4 and VP7 primers. Characterization of the VP7, VP4, and VP6 full gene segments revealed novel genotypes and nucleotide mismatches with most published primer sequences. When considered with other findings, our results suggest that primer mismatch may be a widespread cause of genotyping failure, and might be particularly problematic in countries with greater rotavirus diversity. The novel sequences described in this study have been given GenBank accession numbers EU805775 (VP7), EU805773 (VP4), EU805774 (VP6) and the RCWG has assigned them novel genotypes G20P[28]I13, respectively.

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“…G9 strains emerged in 1993 as one of five globally prevalent genotypes and in 2001 accounted for a rate of at least 5.8 % of RV cases (Laird et al, 2003). However, this may not reflect the current prevalence of the G9 genotype, since recent regional epidemiological studies have shown prevalence of G9 genotypes as high as 50-90 % in some settings Rodrigues et al, 2007;Sánchez-Fauquier et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009

Abdel‐Haq

Amjad

McGrath

et al. 2011

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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, rotavirus (RV)-positive stool samples from 238 children with acute gastroenteritis, seen at Children's Hospital of Michigan in Detroit, USA, were collected and RV genotyping was performed. G and P genotypes were determined by RT-PCR and nucleotide sequencing was conducted on selected G9 and P[6] strains. Correlation between the severity of gastroenteritis episode and the infecting G genotype was done using a 14-point scoring system. The predominant G genotype was G9 (39.5 %), followed by G1 (35.3 %) and G4 (15.5 %), while P[8] was the most prevalent P genotype (66.5 %), followed by P[4] (21.9 %) and P[6] (11.2 %). The gene combinations G1P [8] and G9P[8] were the most prevalent (21.4 % and 20.6 %, respectively), followed by G4P[8] (13 %) and G9P [6] (8.8 %). Immunization data showed that only 17/238 (7.1 %) children received ¢one dose of RV vaccine (the pentavalent vaccine RotaTeq or the monovalent vaccine Rotarix) and that 10/17 were infected with G4P[8] strains. Severity of RV gastroenteritis episodes was not related to the infecting G genotype. Our results suggest a high proportion of genotype G9 strains in combination with P[8], P[6] and P[4] specificity circulating in the metropolitan Detroit area. While the protective efficacy of the RV vaccines has been demonstrated against G9P[8] strains, the level of cross-protection offered by the vaccines against G9 strains with P[6] and P[4] genotypes in the Detroit paediatric population remains to be determined. INTRODUCTIONRotavirus (RV) is a major cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. It accounts for approximately 40 % of diarrhoea hospitalizations in children ,5 years of age (Parashar et al., 2006). An estimated 527 000 RV-infected children younger than 5 years die each year, the majority in developing countries (Parashar et al., 2003). Control of RV disease is most likely to be achieved through widespread use of an effective vaccine.The outer layer of group A RV is composed of two proteins, VP4 and the VP7, which are encoded by RNA segment 9 and 4, respectively (Estes & Kapikian, 2007). Rotaviruses are classified into G and P types based on the reactivity of the outer capsid proteins, VP7 and VP4, with serotype-specific monoclonal antibodies or on the amplification of PCR amplicons using genotype-specific primers. Genotype P[8] is the most common P type globally, followed by P[4] and P[6]. P[8] tends to be more frequently associated with serotypes G1, G3 and G4, while P[4] is more likely to be associated with serotype G2. Prior to 1990, the most common serotypes globally were G1P[8], G2P[4], G3P [8] and G4P[8]; since then, G9P [8] has been recognized as the fifth most globally common type (Gentsch et al., 1992(Gentsch et al., , 2009Koshimura et al., 2000). The G and P type specific antibodies, particularly those to the G antigen, are believed to play an important role in protection against RV gastroenteritis (Gentsch et al., 2005). This prompted the development of vaccines based on the most common circulating strains in target populations at the time: G1...

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Epidemiology of rotavirus in Portugal: G9 as a major cause of diarrhoea in non-hospitalised children

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

G2P[4] the most prevalent rotavirus genotype in 2007 winter season in an European non-vaccinated population

G2P[4] the most prevalent rotavirus genotype in 2007 winter season in an European non-vaccinated population

Characterization of novel VP7, VP4, and VP6 genotypes of a previously untypeable group A rotavirus

Emergence of human rotavirus genotype G9 in metropolitan Detroit between 2007 and 2009

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