Epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus Harboring the mecA or Panton-Valentine Leukocidin Genes in Hospitals in Java and Bali, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Data of Staphylococcus aureus carriage in Indonesian hospitals are scarce. Therefore, the epidemiology of S. aureus among surgery patients in three academic hospitals in Indonesia was studied. In total, 366 of 1,502 (24.4%) patients carried S. aureus. The methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage rate was 4.3%, whereas 1.5% of the patients carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA). Semarang and Malang city (odds ratio [OR] 9.4 and OR 9.0), being male (OR 2.4), hospitalization for more than 5 days (OR 11.708), and antibiotic therapy during hospitalization (OR 2.6) were independent determinants for MRSA carriage, whereas prior hospitalization (OR 2.5) was the only one risk factor for PVL-positive MSSA carriage. Typing of MRSA strains by Raman spectroscopy showed three large clusters assigned type 21, 24, and 38, all corresponding to ST239-MRSA-SCCmec type III. In conclusion, MRSA and PVL-positive MSSA are present among patients in surgical wards in Indonesian academic hospitals.

Prevalence of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infections in a Saudi Arabian hospital

“…Previous studies showed that risk factors for PVL presence in MSSA strains include younger age and prior hospitalization [21,25,30]. Similarly, in the current study, PVL positivity is associated with a younger age (0-29 years) and prior hospitalization.…”

“…PVLpositive MSSA has been associated with SSTI [21,22] and cases of necrotizing pneumonia [23,24]. Risk factors for PVL-positive MSSA include Pacific ethnicity, young age, SSTI diagnosis, community-acquired onset of infection, need for surgical intervention, prior hospitalization and smoking [21,25,26].…”

Efektivitas Kombinasi Vankomisin dan Vitamin C terhadap Pertumbuhan MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) (Effectiveness of Vancomycin and Vitamin C Combination on MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus) Growth)

“…Akan tetapi pada tahun 2014 penelitian tersebut dilakukan kembali dan terdapat 47 pasien yang positif mengalami infeksi MRSA dari 786 pasien yang mengalami infeksi S. aureus. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan angka insidensi MRSA di Indonesia [5]. Oleh karena itu pengobatan terhadap MRSA perlu menjadi perhatian khusus.…”

“…Mekanisme antibiotik dalam mengeradikasi bakteri juga menghasilkan ROS, sehingga kombinasi dengan vitamin C akan meningkatkan hambatan pertumbuhan bakteri [10]. Selain itu, vitamin C juga dapat menghambat pembentukan biofilm sehingga meningkatkan kerja antibiotik karena tidak terdapat barier yang menghalangi aktivitas antibiotik [5]. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, penggunaan vitamin C dapat mencegah terjadinya nefrotoksisitas dari vankomisin pada manusia.…”

Prevalence of Panton Valentine Leukocidin Gene in Methicillin Resistant and Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, Isolated from Egyptian Hospitals

“…Another study shows that the prevalence of PVL-positive MRSA was 10.7% and among PVL-positive isolates 75% were MRSA (6 MRSA out of 8 PVL-positive) (Solmaz et al, 2012), which is close to our study as 5 out of 8 PVL positive isolates were MRSA (63%). A recent Indonesian study reported that 1.5% of the studied patients carried Panton-Valentine leukocidin (PVL)-positive methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) (Santosaningsih et al, 2014).…”