Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy

Fraser, C. L.; Arieff, Allen I.

doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(96)00274-4

Cited by 263 publications

(179 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…When sodium is accumulated in blood vessels then blood pressure is increased and causes many problems like, cardiovascular system, dehydration, increases mass of left ventricle, increases renal function, increases no of strokes and increases the stiffness and resistance activities of arteries etc [26] . The mechanism of increased platelet reactivity during high salt intake is due to accumulation of Sodium (Na) [39][40] .…”

Section: Effect Of Salt On Plateletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Sugar, Salt and Distilled Water on White Blood Cells and Platelet Cells

Janjua

Akhtar²,

Hussain³

2016

Journal of Tumor

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Section: Effect Of Salt On Plateletsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cancer is a group of disease which is due to abnormal growth of cells that have the tendency to move from one body part to others [40] . These abnormal cells make a group by uncontrolled cell division and form a lump which is called tumor or neoplasms.…”

Section: For Cancerous Personmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Sugar, Salt and Distilled Water on White Blood Cells and Platelet Cells

Janjua

Akhtar²,

Hussain³

2016

Journal of Tumor

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“…As hyponatremia progresses, abovementioned premonitory, nonspecific symptoms are followed by neuropsychiatric symptoms such as seizures, hemiplegia, dysarthria, hallucinations, tremor, and coma. Patients may demonstrate an impaired response to verbal and painful stimuli, and exhibit bizarre behavior or experience auditory or visual hallucinations (Fraser & Arieff, 1997). These psychiatric symptoms may mimic the manifestations of primary psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, and thus clinicians should be careful not to be misled into a judgment that the primary disorder is exacerbated.…”

Section: Hyponatremic Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, compulsive water drinking alone is usually not sufficient to induce marked hyponatremia, because the normal kidney should theoretically be able to excrete water in excess of 20 liters per day and most patients actually ingest less water than that theoretically required (Vieweg et al, 1987;Fraser & Arieff, 1997). As demonstrated by Goldman et al (1988), the patients with polydipsia and hyponatremia are accompanied with impaired maximal urinary dilution and free-water clearance in response to water loading, suggesting renal abnormally enhanced sensitivity to low concentrations of arginine vasopressin (AVP).…”

Section: Hyponatremic Encephalopathymentioning

confidence: 99%

Encephalopathy Associated with Psychotropic Drug Therapy

Odagaki¹

2012

Miscellanea on Encephalopathies - A Second Look

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“…Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia range from mild symptoms, such as headache, nausea, and vomiting, to severe symptoms, such as disorientation, disturbed consciousness and seizures. 8) Although the treatment of hyponatremia should be directed at the primary underlying etiology of disorder, this is not always entirely possible. Thus, the general approach to the management of hyponatremia is normalization of blood sodium concentration by the prevention of water retention in the body.…”

Section: )mentioning

confidence: 99%

A Novel Vasopressin Dual V1A/V2 Receptor Antagonist, Conivaptan Hydrochloride, Improves Hyponatremia in Rats with Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

Wada

Matsukawa

Fujimori

et al. 2007

Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin

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The syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) is a clinical state in which the secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called arginine vasopressin (AVP), is not suppressed appropriately when plasma osmolality falls below the osmotic threshold and may lead to impaired renal water excretion, increased total body water, and hyponatremia. 1) SIADH is associated with a number of underlying clinical conditions, such as malignancy, lung disease, and central nervous system and hormonal disorders. 2)AVP is a peptide hormone that is released from the posterior pituitary gland in response to an increase in plasma osmolality and volume depletion. Three classes of specific receptor have been identified in the periphery. The vasopressin V 1A receptor, which has been identified in vascular smooth muscle cells, hepatocytes and platelets, and the vasopressin V 1B receptor, which is found predominantly in the anterior pituitary, are coupled to the phosphoinositide pathway and elevation of intracellular Ca 2ϩ . The vasopressin V 2 receptor, which is located in the kidney and the vascular endothelium, is coupled to the adenylate cyclase pathway, causing an increase in c-AMP.3) AVP elicits a potent water reabsorption effect in the collecting ducts of the kidney via the vasopressin V 2 receptors, as well as systemic vasoconstriction via the vasopressin V 1A receptors. [4][5][6] The facilitation of renal water reabsorption via the vasopressin V 2 receptor results in an increase in total body water, which in turn causes a decrease in blood sodium concentration and plasma osmolality. The increased total body water causes inhibition of sodium reabsorption in the proximal tubule via inhibition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, as well as elevation of glomerular filtration rate and facilitation of the secretion of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the atrium.7) These stimuli produce sustained urinary sodium excretion, and result in hyponatremia, the most common electrolyte disorder associated with SIADH. Clinical manifestations of hyponatremia range from mild symptoms, such as headache, nausea, and vomiting, to severe symptoms, such as disorientation, disturbed consciousness and seizures. 8) Although the treatment of hyponatremia should be directed at the primary underlying etiology of disorder, this is not always entirely possible. Thus, the general approach to the management of hyponatremia is normalization of blood sodium concentration by the prevention of water retention in the body. 9)One treatment used for acute severe hyponatremia is the intravenous administration of furosemide concomitantly with hypertonic saline. Diuretics are used in the treatment of chronic hyponatremia, however, resistance to loop diuretics such as furosemide is a common problem in hyponatremia patients.10) Further, loop diuretics may worsen hyponatremia and induce hypokalemia, a potentially serious electrolyte disorder that can result in the prolongation of QT interval and the subsequent risk of ventricular arrhyt...

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Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management of Hyponatremic Encephalopathy

Cited by 263 publications

References 44 publications

Effects of Sugar, Salt and Distilled Water on White Blood Cells and Platelet Cells

Effects of Sugar, Salt and Distilled Water on White Blood Cells and Platelet Cells

Encephalopathy Associated with Psychotropic Drug Therapy

A Novel Vasopressin Dual V1A/V2 Receptor Antagonist, Conivaptan Hydrochloride, Improves Hyponatremia in Rats with Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH)

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