SummaryWe have shown previously that distinct Mena isoforms are expressed in invasive and migratory tumor cells in vivo and that the invasion isoform (Mena INV ) potentiates carcinoma cell metastasis in murine models of breast cancer. However, the specific step of metastatic progression affected by this isoform and the effects on metastasis of the Mena11a isoform, expressed in primary tumor cells, are largely unknown. Here, we provide evidence that elevated Mena INV increases coordinated streaming motility, and enhances transendothelial migration and intravasation of tumor cells. We demonstrate that promotion of these early stages of metastasis by Mena INV is dependent on a macrophage-tumor cell paracrine loop. Our studies also show that increased Mena11a expression correlates with decreased expression of colony-stimulating factor 1 and a dramatically decreased ability to participate in paracrine-mediated invasion and intravasation. Our results illustrate the importance of paracrine-mediated cell streaming and intravasation on tumor cell dissemination, and demonstrate that the relative abundance of Mena INV and Mena11a helps to regulate these key stages of metastatic progression in breast cancer cells. Journal of Cell Science metastatic progression. Mena is a member of the Ena/VASP family of proteins and binds actin to regulate the geometry and assembly of filament networks through: (1) an anti-capping protein activity (Bear et al., 2002;Barzik et al., 2005; Hansen and Mullins, 2010) that involves binding to profilin and both G-and F-actin; (2) Mena tetramerization, and (3) reduction in the density of actin-related proteins 2 and 3 (Arp2/3)-mediated branching (Gertler et al., 1996;Barzik et al., 2005;Ferron et al., 2007;Pasic et al., 2008;Bear and Gertler, 2009; Hansen and Mullins, 2010). Alternative splicing for the Mena gene has been reported: a 19 amino acid residue insertion just after the EVH1 domain generates the Mena invasion isoform (Mena INV , formerly Mena +++ ) (Gertler et al., 1996;Philippar et al., 2008), whereas a 21 residue insertion in the EVH2 domain generates the Mena11a isoform (Di Modugno et al., 2007). A comparison of the invasive and migratory tumor cells collected in vivo, with primary tumor cells isolated from mouse, rat and human cell-line-derived mammary tumors, revealed that Mena INV expression is upregulated and Mena11a is downregulated selectively in the invasive and migrating carcinoma cell population (Goswami et al., 2009). The differential regulation of Mena isoforms across species suggests that these two isoforms have important roles in invasion and metastasis.In previous studies, we showed that expression of Mena INV in a xenograft mouse mammary tumor promotes increased formation of spontaneous lung metastases from orthotopic tumors and alters the sensitivity of tumor cells to epidermal growth factor (EGF) . We undertook the current study to identify the step(s) in the metastatic cascade that are affected by Mena INV expression and investigate the effect of expression of...