Epigenetic regulation of macrophage polarization in wound healing

Abstract

The immune microenvironment plays a critical role in regulating skin wound healing. Macrophages, the main component of infiltrating inflammatory cells, play a pivotal role in shaping the immune microenvironment in the process of skin wound healing. Macrophages comprise the classic proinflammatory M1 subtype and anti-inflammatory M2 population. In the early inflammatory phase of skin wound closure, M1-like macrophages initiate and amplify the local inflammatory response to disinfect the injured tissue. In the late tissue-repairing phase, M2 macrophages are predominant in wound tissue and limit local inflammation to promote tissue repair. The biological function of macrophages is tightly linked with epigenomic organization. Transcription factors are essential for macrophage polarization. Epigenetic modification of transcription factors determines the heterogeneity of macrophages. In contrast, transcription factors also regulate the expression of epigenetic enzymes. Both transcription factors and epigenetic enzymes form a complex network that regulates the plasticity of macrophages. Here, we describe the latest knowledge concerning the potential epigenetic mechanisms that precisely regulate the biological function of macrophages and their effects on skin wound healing.

Rosmarinic Acid-Grafted Dextran/Gelatin Hydrogel as a Wound Dressing with Improved Properties: Strong Tissue Adhesion, Antibacterial, Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory

“…M1 and M2 macrophages can transform into each other at different stages of wound healing, which helps the wound transfer smoothly from the inflammatory stage to the proliferative stage. TNF-α is a typical proinflammatory cytokine which is highly expressed in the inflammatory response [ 52 , 53 ]. CD163, a typical surface marker of M2 macrophages, plays an important role in the regulation of inflammation [ 54 ].…”

Stimuli‐Responsive 3D Printable Conductive Hydrogel: A Step toward Regulating Macrophage Polarization and Wound Healing

“…They limit local inflammation, promote anti‐inflammatory fibrosis, and facilitate the generation of angiogenic mediators, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. [ 103 ]…”

“…[102] These hydrogels offer a targeted and precise approach for controlling the behavior of immune cells, specifically macrophages, which play a crucial role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration. [102,103] Using electrical stimuli-responsive 3D printable hydrogels to trigger macrophage polarization to angiogenesis is a promising avenue for tissue regeneration. This approach could potentially revolutionize regenerative medicine by providing a novel and effective method for promoting angiogenesis and tissue remodeling.…”

“…They limit local inflammation, promote anti-inflammatory fibrosis, and facilitate the generation of angiogenic mediators, thereby facilitating tissue recovery. [103] Cao et al developed wound dressings composed of ROSresponsive polyurethane membranes loaded with DOXH (Doxorubicin hydrochloride) and 3D-printed conductive hydrogel strips [117] (Figure 12a,b). These dressings are based on the unique properties of hydrogels and drug-loaded membranes to promote skin regeneration through antimicrobial, ROS scavenging, conductivity, and immune-modulating capabilities.…”

STING coordinates resolution of inflammation during wound repair by modulating macrophage trafficking through STAT3

“…After debris clearance, neutrophil levels subside as macrophages become the primary immune subsets [4]. This timely switch enables transition from proin ammatory to pro-resolving phenotypes regulating granulation tissue formation, angiogenesis and collagen deposition [5]. Consequently, delayed contraction of in ammation due to aberrant leukocyte dynamics often underlies poor healing outcomes.…”