Epiphyte diversity and biomass loads of canopy emergent trees in Chilean temperate rain forests: A neglected functional component

Díaz, Ignacio Sánchez; Sieving, Kathryn E.; Peña-Foxon, Maurice E; Larraín, Juan; Armestó, Juan J.

doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2010.01.025

Cited by 82 publications

(97 citation statements)

References 64 publications

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“…El árbol vivo (coihue) que representa el máximo peso de un organismo terrestre en Chile, alcanzaría al menos las 90 toneladas de biomasa seca. Adicionalmente, se ha estimado que bosques con alta frecuencia de ulmos con dap > 1 m pueden sostener 10 Mg ha -1 de biomasa en epífitas (Díaz et al 2010a). Estos valores documentan la relevancia de los árboles de grandes dimensiones como reservorios de carbono en bosques nativos del país.…”

Section: Son Rarezas Del Mundo Naturalunclassified

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Árboles monumentales: un patrimonio natural no reconocido en Chile

Gutiérrez

2016

Bosque (Valdivia)

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SUMMARYThis study defines and discusses the natural patrimony represented by monumental trees, i.e. large old trees of native tree species from Chile. These trees should be preserved because they: 1) foster natural fascination, 2) are rarities of nature, 3) provide ecosystem services, 4) allow the study of individual adaptations, 5) represent a biocultural patrimony and 6) have been strongly exploited. It is proposed to conduct a national survey of monumental trees and develop policy instruments to protect these trees.Key words: biological conservation, forest policy, old-growth forest, temperate rainforests. RESUMENSe define y discute el patrimonio natural que representan los árboles monumentales, es decir, árboles de grandes dimensiones de especies nativas de Chile. Se argumenta que se debieran preservar estos individuos ya que: 1) potencian la fascinación natural, 2) son rarezas del mundo natural, 3) proveen servicios ecosistémicos, 4) permiten el estudio de adaptaciones de los seres vivos, 5) representan un patrimonio biocultural para el país, y 6) han sido fuertemente explotados. Se propone contar con un catastro a escala nacional de árboles monumentales, como también avanzar en legislación que brinde instrumentos a la sociedad para proteger estos árboles.Palabras clave: conservación biológica, política forestal, bosques antiguos, bosques templados lluviosos. INTRODUCCIÓNChile cuenta con bosques nativos que cubren gran parte del país (13,4 millones de hectáreas, CONAF 2015). En estos bosques se puede apreciar la exuberancia de la naturaleza, principalmente representada por árboles de grandes dimensiones. Estos árboles son el legado de un pasado remoto, en algunos casos, representando la historia natural de un milenio. La persistente destrucción y degradación de los bosques nativos del país ponen en riesgo la persistencia de este patrimonio natural debido a la corta de estos ejemplares o cambios estructurales de los bosques intervenidos. En este artículo se describe la importancia de estos árboles y la necesidad de preservarlos, mediante el análisis de una base de datos de árboles medidos en bosques templados lluviosos del país (sur de los 35° S, 43.353 árboles medidos). La base de datos fue compilada en terreno y a través de revisión bibliográfica, además del aporte de múl-tiples investigadores nacionales. La mayoría de los árboles medidos se encontraban en bosques nativos en distintos grados de naturalidad y fueron medidos con diversos fines (e.g. investigación ecológica, silvicultural, etc.). Además, la base de datos incorpora mediciones de árboles encontrados en condiciones seminaturales (e.g. potreros), excluyendo aquellos localizados en ambientes urbanos.Se utilizó la base de datos para definir como árbol monumental (i.e. de grandes dimensiones) en el caso de los bosques nativos chilenos, a aquel árbol de especie nativa con diámetro de tronco medido a 1,3 m de altura (dap) > 2,5 m y/o altura total > 50 m. La palabra "monumento" se incorpora en esta definición haciendo referencia a un árbol que posee si...

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Section: Son Rarezas Del Mundo Naturalunclassified

“…Los árboles monumentales sostienen un ensamble de 70 especies de plantas epifitas (Díaz et al 2010a). Además, existe una relación positiva entre la riqueza de epifitas y el tamaño de los árboles (Muñoz et al 2003).…”

Section: Son Rarezas Del Mundo Naturalunclassified

Árboles monumentales: un patrimonio natural no reconocido en Chile

Gutiérrez

2016

Bosque (Valdivia)

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“…In previous studies, canopy humus has been termed as dead organic matter (DOM) (Ingram and Nadkarni 1993), suspended soils (Wolf 1994, Hsu et al 2002, and arboreal soils (Díaz et al 2010). In some studies, canopy humus constituted a large proportion of the total EM amount, and epiphyte biomass increased with the accumulation of canopy humus (Ingram and Nadkarni 1993, Nadkarni et al 2004, Köhler et al 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For the precise monitoring, it is important to figure out the distribution of epiphytes within the monitoring area beforehand. Although, the distribution patterns of epiphyte communities was studied various scales as shown before, there are few studies showing the distribution at individual branch unit in detail (Freiberg 1999, Díaz et al 2010. Since recent impacts of global climate change on forest ecosystems have been remarkable (Foster 2001), a mapping method to know precise and detailed distribution of epiphyte communities needs to be established.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of epiphyte biomass composition and distribution with a three-dimensional mapping method in a tropical montane forest in northern Thailand

Nakanishi

Sungpalee

Sri-ngernyuang

et al. 2013

Tropics

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Epiphytes show complex spatial distribution patterns at various scales, and the description of their distribution patterns, for example, on a tree, is quite diffi cult. In this study, by using a three-dimensional tree-form mapping method, the tree form of a 47 m-high emergent tree in a tropical montane forest of northern Thailand was measured and reconstructed, and the distribution of epiphytes on the tree was accurately recorded. The epiphytic matter, which consists of epiphytes and canopy humus, on the tree was classifi ed into six types on the basis of its physiognomy, and destructive sampling of the epiphytic matter was performed for each type with three or four replications. The total epiphyte biomass and canopy humus on the tree were 158.2 kg and 381.3 kg, respectively. Approximately 96 % of the epiphyte biomass was concentrated in the tree crown, above 20 m. The distribution of epiphytic matter types was found to depend on branch diameter, and their spatial distribution from the outer crown to the inner crown was visualized on the three-dimensional reconstructed form of the tree.

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“…Epiphytes in tropical canopies are, however, remarkably diverse and likely show asynchronous phenological patterns at the community level. Because epiphytes are key players in primary productivity, carbon sequestration, water and nutrient cycling, and mutualistic interactions with pollinating and seed-dispersing animals (Ackerman 1986;Clark, Nadkarni, Schaefer, & Gholz, 1998;Diaz, Sieving, Peña-Foxon, Larrain, & Armesto, 2010), studies on epiphytes are an important addition to our understanding of tropical forest processes.…”

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confidence: 99%

Reproductive phenology of epiphytes in Monteverde, Costa Rica

Sheldon

Nadkarni

2015

RBT

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Phenology of plants, or the timing of life cycle events, is important for understanding plant ecology, forest dynamics, and plant-animal interactions. In tropical forests, studies that document epiphyte reproductive phenology are relatively few because of the challenges of tracking plants that live in the canopy. Phenological patterns for 279 individuals of 7 epiphyte species were examined across 12 months in a tropical montane forest in Monteverde, Costa Rica. Epiphytes were located in one of two common tree species, Ficus tuerckheimii (Moraceae) or Ocotea tonduzii (Lauraceae). Flowering and fruiting (i.e., when ripe or unripe fruit is present on the plant) of study plants was recorded on monthly intervals, and phenology was examined as a function of the season at the study site (i.e., wet, transition, or dry season), and pollinator syndrome (bird-, or insect-pollinated) and seed dispersal syndrome (bird-, bat-, or wind-dispersed) of each plant. Though some epiphyte species flowered and fruited throughout the year, the majority showed significant seasonality in phenological events. Based on circular statistics, the timing of mean flowering of different epiphyte species varied, however, timing of mean fruiting for most species tended to occur during the wet season. Insect-and bird-pollinated species had peak flowering during the dry season and late wet season, respectively. Bird-dispersed fruits were present each month of the year with peaks from February to October and again in December. Wind-dispersed fruits were observed eight months of the year with a peak in the early wet season. The timing of epiphyte flowering coincided with flowering of large trees in the area. Epiphyte fruiting, however, is distinct from large tree fruiting. Our results demonstrate the seasonal nature of flowering and fruiting in individual epiphyte species while also highlighted the asynchronous nature of phenological events amongst the epiphyte community. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 1119-1126. Epub 2015 December 01.

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Epiphyte diversity and biomass loads of canopy emergent trees in Chilean temperate rain forests: A neglected functional component

Cited by 82 publications

References 64 publications

Árboles monumentales: un patrimonio natural no reconocido en Chile

Árboles monumentales: un patrimonio natural no reconocido en Chile

Determination of epiphyte biomass composition and distribution with a three-dimensional mapping method in a tropical montane forest in northern Thailand

Reproductive phenology of epiphytes in Monteverde, Costa Rica

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