“…Several studies have reported empirical evidence of the beneficial effect of explanation expectancy (Annis, 1983;Bargh & Schul, 1980;Benware & Deci, 1984;Fiorella & Mayer, 2013;Sugie & Kajita, 1989). However, this enhancement has not been consistently demonstrated in other studies that have manipulated expectancy (Ehly, Keith, & Bratton, 1987;Fukaya, 2013;Ito & Kakihana, 2009;Renkl, 1995;Schommer, Crouse, & Rhodes, 1992), and the reasons for these inconsistent results are quite unclear (Renkl, 1995).…”