Epizootics and Disease of Coral Reef Fish in the Tropical Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

Panek, Frank M.

doi:10.1080/10641260590885852

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 66 publications

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“…The Iridoviridae are mostly known pathogens of aquatic organisms and they represented 37% of the viral similarities in the metagenome. Lymphocistis virus, which accounted for 17% of the coral‐associated eukaryotic virus similarities, has been shown to infect many species of coral reef fish (Panek, 2005). Lymphocistis virus causes a contagious, chronic infection leading to skin lesions in fish.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community associated with the coral Porites astreoides

Wegley¹,

Edwards

Rodriguez-Brito³

et al. 2007

Environmental Microbiology

506

465

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The coral holobiont is a dynamic assemblage of the coral animal, zooxanthellae, endolithic algae and fungi, Bacteria,Archaea and viruses. Zooxanthellae and some Bacteria form relatively stable and species-specific associations with corals. Other associations are less specific; coral-associated Archaea differ from those in the water column, but the same archaeal species may be found on different coral species. It has been hypothesized that the coral animal can adapt to differing ecological niches by 'switching' its microbial associates. In the case of corals and zooxanthellae, this has been termed adaptive bleaching and it has important implications for carbon cycling within the coral holobiont and ultimately the survival of coral reefs. However, the roles of other components of the coral holobiont are essentially unknown. To better understand these other coral associates, a fractionation procedure was used to separate the microbes, mitochondria and viruses from the coral animal cells and zooxanthellae. The resulting metagenomic DNA was sequenced using pyrosequencing. Fungi, Bacteria and phage were the most commonly identified organisms in the metagenome. Three of the four fungal phyla were represented, including a wide diversity of fungal genes involved in carbon and nitrogen metabolism, suggesting that the endolithic community is more important than previously appreciated. In particular, the data suggested that endolithic fungi could be converting nitrate and nitrite to ammonia, which would enable fixed nitrogen to cycle within the coral holobiont. The most prominent bacterial groups were Proteobacteria (68%), Firmicutes (10%), Cyanobacteria (7%) and Actinobacteria (6%). Functionally, the bacterial community was primarily heterotrophic and included a number of pathways for the degradation of aromatic compounds, the most abundant being the homogentisate pathway. The most abundant phage family was the ssDNA Microphage and most of the eukaryotic viruses were most closely related to those known to infect aquatic organisms. This study provides a metabolic and taxonomic snapshot of microbes associated with the reef-building coral Porites astreoides and presents a basis for understanding how coral-microbial interactions structure the holobiont and coral reefs.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community associated with the coral Porites astreoides

Wegley¹,

Edwards

Rodriguez-Brito³

et al. 2007

Environmental Microbiology

506

465

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified symbiont 18S rRNA gene indicated that it is most closely related to the free-living kinetoplastid parasite Procryptobia sorokini. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this parasite group in a decapod crab and of this organism exhibiting a presumably parasitic life history.Parasites, parasitoids, and infectious diseases are recognized as significant biotic factors affecting individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems and have been implicated in global-scale declines of a wide range of marine and terrestrial species (11,17,22,25,27). For example, the world's coral reefs are currently declining at an alarming rate and although the role of disease is clearly prominent, many of the responsible disease agents remain unknown (12,32,36).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Detection and Discovery of Crustacean Parasites in Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) by Using 18S rRNA Gene-Targeted Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Troedsson

Lee

Walters

et al. 2008

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Recently, we described a novel denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography (DHPLC) approach useful for initial detection and identification of crustacean parasites. Because this approach utilizes general primers targeted to conserved regions of the 18S rRNA gene, a priori genetic sequence information on eukaryotic parasites is not required. This distinction provides a significant advantage over specifically targeted PCR assays that do not allow for the detection of unknown or unsuspected parasites. However, initial field evaluations of the DHPLC assay suggested that because of PCR-biased amplification of dominant host genes it was not possible to detect relatively rare parasite genes in infected crab tissue. Here, we describe the use of a peptide nucleic acid (PNA) PCR hybridization blocking probe in association with DHPLC (PNA-PCR DHPLC) to overcome inherent PCR bias associated with amplification of rare target genes by use of generic primers. This approach was utilized to detect infection of blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) by the parasitic dinoflagellate Hematodinium sp. Evaluation of 76 crabs caught in Wassaw Sound, GA, indicated a 97% correspondence between detection of the parasite by use of a specific PCR diagnostic assay and that by use of PNA-PCR DHPLC. During these studies, we discovered one crab with an association with a previously undescribed protist symbiont. Phylogenetic analysis of the amplified symbiont 18S rRNA gene indicated that it is most closely related to the free-living kinetoplastid parasite Procryptobia sorokini. To our knowledge, this is the first report of this parasite group in a decapod crab and of this organism exhibiting a presumably parasitic life history.Parasites, parasitoids, and infectious diseases are recognized as significant biotic factors affecting individuals, populations, communities, and ecosystems and have been implicated in global-scale declines of a wide range of marine and terrestrial species (11,17,22,25,27). For example, the world's coral reefs are currently declining at an alarming rate and although the role of disease is clearly prominent, many of the responsible disease agents remain unknown (12,32,36). Historically, discovery and investigation of disease processes have relied exclusively on labor-intensive histological and culture-based techniques. Methodological limitations have therefore been recognized as a major impediment to the study of emerging diseases in marine species. The lack of knowledge about the existence and biology of many parasites and parasitoids limits our ability to recognize the emergence of new diseases and to identify complex life histories and vectors involved in disease etiology. These difficulties are particularly acute for those trying to understand linkages between environmental stressors and disease since such studies demand the analysis of large numbers and diversities of samples (21).During the past decade, new molecular diagnostic techniques have enabled detection and quantification of a large range of parasites, parasit...

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“…Parasites have been found to dominate food-web links (Lafferty et al, 2006(Lafferty et al, & 2008 and to be useful indicators of aquatic environmental conditions (MacKenzie, 1999; Hudson et al, 2006 andSasal et al, 2007). They have also been shown to reflect the source population of fishes (MacKenzie , 2002) and are a major source of disease, either through the injuries they cause or through their activity as vectors (Panek, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies on Diseases caused by Isopods in relation to Bacterial Infection Among Some Wild Marine Fishes at Suez Canal Area

Eissa

Abdelwahab

Dessouki

et al. 2015

Suez Canal Veterinary Medicine Journal. SCVMJ

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A total number 200 different marine fish species represented as 100 Elsarah (Nemipterus japonicus ) and 100 Mias (Pomatomus saltatrix L.) were collected seasonally from Suez and Ismailia provinces respectively . The infested marine fishes revealed no pathognomonic signs.They were investigated for detection of Isopoda parasites. It was revealed that 50% of the examined marine fishes was infested.The detected species were Irona nanodies from Nemipterus japonicus with a prevalence 60% , and Lironeca ovalis from Pomatomus saltatrix L with a prevalence 40%.The histopathological alterations were recorded and discussed.The secondary bacterial invasion was manifested by the isolation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa where it was experimentally infected into Tilapia zillii and reisolated again.

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Epizootics and Disease of Coral Reef Fish in the Tropical Western Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico

Cited by 23 publications

References 66 publications

Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community associated with the coral Porites astreoides

Metagenomic analysis of the microbial community associated with the coral Porites astreoides

Detection and Discovery of Crustacean Parasites in Blue Crabs ( Callinectes sapidus ) by Using 18S rRNA Gene-Targeted Denaturing High-Performance Liquid Chromatography

Studies on Diseases caused by Isopods in relation to Bacterial Infection Among Some Wild Marine Fishes at Suez Canal Area

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