Epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in Nepal

Giri, R Sagaya; Parshin, P. A.

doi:10.1016/j.ijid.2010.02.1834

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

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“…In contrast to the current study, a study in Bangladesh reported the highest incidence of FMD outbreaks during the post-monsoon season (September-November), followed by the pre-monsoon season (March-May), and winter (December-February) (Kamaruddin & Pandit 1988). Additionally, the Nepal Veterinary Epidemiology Centre reported large numbers of holdings affected during the monsoon and pre-monsoon periods during 2001-2010(VEC 2016a. Such seasonal trends in FMD outbreaks may reflect either trends in movements of animals or differences in environmental stability or transmission of the virus.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The main species of livestock in the country are cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats, yaks and pigs, however, there are relatively few pigs, and yaks are restricted to very high altitudes in northern regions (Ferris et al 1992). Major challenges for livestock development in Nepal include the high prevalence of endemic diseases, lack of proper nutrition and veterinary care, and poor herd management leading to low production rates (Giri & Parshin 2010). In 2015, FMD accounted for 22.6% of the total reported disease outbreaks and 3.7% of the deaths caused by the major infectious and parasitic diseases in Nepal (VEC 2016a,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…). Major challenges for livestock development in Nepal include the high prevalence of endemic diseases, lack of proper nutrition and veterinary care, and poor herd management leading to low production rates (Giri & Parshin ). In 2015, FMD accounted for 22.6% of the total reported disease outbreaks and 3.7% of the deaths caused by the major infectious and parasitic diseases in Nepal (VEC ,b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Adhikari¹,

Acharya

Upadhyay³

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and causes substantial economic losses in the livestock industry. The goal of this study was to perform an epidemiological analysis of FMD outbreaks reported to the Veterinary Epidemiology Center, Tripureshwor, Nepal during 2010–2015, in order to strengthen the National FMD Control Program. These current data were considered in the context of historical data on FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes detected in the country between 1965 and 2015. During 2010–2015, a total of 1333 livestock holdings reported FMD outbreaks in Nepal. On average, 71.2 animals were affected in each outbreak, with a case fatality rate of 3.6%. FMD was reported throughout the country, and the proportion of affected holdings was not significantly among eco‐zones, regions, or species. The Hill eco‐zone had the highest number of holdings affected (782), followed by Mountain (304), and Terai (247). When analysed by the developmental region, the Western (381) and Central (368) Developmental Regions had the highest numbers of holdings affected. Cattle were the most frequently affected species (39%), followed by buffalo (33%), and goats (19%). FMD occurred throughout the year, with peaks in winter (December/January) and in the pre‐monsoon period (April/May). Between 1965 and 2015 FMDV serotype O had the highest prevalence (81%), followed by Asia‐1 (11%), A (6%), and C (2%). Serotype C was not detected after 1996, and only serotype O was reported after 2011. These descriptive analyses provide critical landmarks to establish baselines, and document early progress of the ongoing Progressive Control Pathway of FMD (PCP‐FMD) which could be useful in Nepal and other South Asian nations.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Adhikari¹,

Acharya

Upadhyay³

et al. 2018

Veterinary Medicine & Sci

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“…The distribution of FMDV serotypes responsible being O (82%), Asia 1 (15%) and A (3%). From April 2016 to July 2016, the FMD survey in the cattle herds in 23 different districts of Nepal by Veterinary Epidemiology Centre (VEC) figured out 61 (53%) out of 115 collected samples were classified in O serotype [8,9]. In a country or region, the occurrence of the FMD endemic has long-term effects reducing animal productivity moreover, the restrictions on international trades.…”

Section: David Publishingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak at Bageshwori Gaushala, Chitwan, Nepal

Kandel¹,

Regmi²,

Thakur³

et al. 2018

JAST-A

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Cow being the national animal of Nepal has special place in the society. Religious institutions have since prehistoric time reared and cared for cattle herds and the tradition still continues. The Bageshwori Gaushala (cow shelter), initiated by the Hindu Rastraguru Yogi Narhaharinath in mid-1990s is one of the largest of such nucleus indigenous cattle herds in Nepal. Indigenous cattle conservation strategy of Nepal has recognized the importance of this nucleus herd, kept by grazing in the surrounding forest. Ethnoveterinary approaches of managing the herd health is in practice and vaccination was never done. Occasional outbreak did happen in past but overall the herd never suffered severe impact. In April 2018, an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) occurred at Bageshwori, Gaushala, Devghat, Bharatpur Metropolitan-1, Chitwan district of Nepal. In the bovine herd studied, 80 (53.33%) out of 150 affected animals presented characteristics FMD symptoms as vesicular lesions, drooling salivation, foot lameness, high fever and weakness. Following prompt supportive treatment, the condition improved. The complete recovery of infected herd was observed after 45 d. Laboratory analysis showed the presence of Aphthovirus serotype O in the clinical sample. The present study attempts to provide fresh insights into the recent FMD outbreak, clinical signs, their effective treatment protocol and preventive measures that must be practiced following FMD outbreak.

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“…7 The high prevalence of FMD is a colossal challenge for the livestock sector of Nepal amidst the lack of proper nutrition and veterinary care, and poor herd management leading to low production rates. 8 Nepal has started the National FMD Control Strategies since 2012, which initially targeted the Eastern and Far Western Development Regions and eventually has expanded to cover the entire country. 2 Every year, several outbreaks of FMD occur in different parts of the country.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Cattle from Kageshwari and Shankharapur Municipalities, of Kathmandu, Nepal and Associated Risk Factors from March to April 2020

Shahi¹,

Boonyo

Wongphruksasoong

et al. 2021

OSIR

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Foot and mouth disease (FMD) is endemic in Nepal and significantly impacts the livelihood of farmers, national economy, and trade of Nepal. However, outbreak investigations are not frequently conducted, and there have been limited studies to understand the associated risk factors. A case-control study was performed in dairy cattle farms of Shankharapur and Kageshwari Municipalities, Kathmandu from March to April 2020 to describe the outbreak and identify the risk factors associated with FMD. There were 31 case farms, while 62 farms were selected as control farms (1:2). The information from case and control farms was collected by semi-structured questionnaire survey through field visits and observations. The univariable and multivariable logistic regressions were performed. The farm-level prevalence of FMD was 25.2% (n=31/123). Among the FMD affected farms, the proportion of positive farms in Shankharapur (61.3% (19/31)) was significantly higher than Kageshwori (38.7% (12/31)). The final multivariable logistic regression analysis identified four variables: cattle purchased within 14 days (OR=12.9; CI=2.4-69.5), milk market distance less than two kilometers from the farm (OR=32.7; CI=5.8-186.3), sharing of the bull from other farms for natural insemination (OR=5.7; CI=1.2-26.8), and no vaccination against FMD in the past six months (OR=19.1; CI=2.0-186.2) as significant risk factors for the occurrence of FMD. This study suggests farmers vaccinate their dairy cattle with FMD vaccine as per the vaccination schedule suggested by the veterinarians, practice quarantine measures when new animals are introduced to their farms, practice biosecurity measures in their farms, and do not use bulls from areas where there are ongoing FMD outbreaks.

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Epizootiology of foot and mouth disease in Nepal

Cited by 4 publications

References 0 publications

Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Outbreak investigations of foot and mouth disease virus in Nepal between 2010 and 2015 in the context of historical serotype occurrence

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreak at Bageshwori Gaushala, Chitwan, Nepal

Investigation of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreaks in Dairy Cattle from Kageshwari and Shankharapur Municipalities, of Kathmandu, Nepal and Associated Risk Factors from March to April 2020

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