Determining the taxonomic composition of microbial consortia of the piglet intestine is of great importance for pig production. However, knowledge on the variety of the intestinal microbiome in newborn piglets is limited. Piglet diarrhea is a serious gastrointestinal disease with a high morbidity and mortality that causes great economic damage to the pig industry. In this study, we investigated the microbiome of various sections of the piglet intestine and compared the microbiome composition of healthy and diarrheal piglets using high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that bacteria of the Lactobacillus genus were the most common in the ileum, while Fusobacterium and Bacteroides dominated in the rectum. Comparing the microbiome composition of healthy and diarrheal piglets revealed a reduced number of Lactobacillus bacteria as a hallmark of diarrhea, as did an increased content of representatives of the Escherichia-Shigella genus and a reduced number of Bacteroides, which indicates the contribution of these bacteria to the development of diarrhea in piglets. The relative abundance of Enterococcus bacteria was higher in the diarrhea group. Although some bacteria of this genus are commensals, a small number of species may be associated with the development of diarrhea in piglets. Therefore, our results indicate that the gut microbiome may be an important factor in the development of diarrhea in piglets.

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Bumblebees are one of the most important pollinators for plants consumed by humans. Currently, there is a significant risk of extinction for several pollinators, including bumblebees. One of the most likely causes is the toxic effect of pesticides. The mutagenic effect of pesticides on the DNA of bumblebees has not been studied. The aim of this work was to study the genotoxicity of pesticides for DNA in Bombus terrestris heads. The authors found that if added to bumblebees’ isolated mitochondria, mitochondrial-directed pesticides caused less damage than broad-spectrum pesticides. The greatest amount of mtDNA damage was caused by adding Malathion and Difenoconazole to isolated mitochondria. Moreover, insects that consumed syrup with pesticides displayed more damage to the head than when the pesticide was added to isolated mitochondria. Malathion and Cypermethrin demonstrated significant genotoxic effects in vivo. Difenoconazole caused severe damage to mtDNA, while Deltamethrin did not have any genotoxic effect. Among mitochondria-targeted pesticides, Fenazaquin and Pyridaben demonstrated the highest genotoxicity. Chlorfenapyr, Hydramethylnone, and Tolfenpyrad did not show mtDNA genotoxicity. An increase in the number of copies of mtDNA was observed in insects that consumed sugar syrup with Deltamethrin and Tolfenpyrad. This increase is probably a compensatory effect in response to inhibition of mitochondrial respiration. This study found that, in general, broad-spectrum pesticides (Difenoconazole, Deltamethrin, Esfenvalerate, Malathion, and Cypermethrin) demonstrate greater mtDNA genotoxicity in bumblebees’ heads compared with mitochondria-targeted pesticides (Fenazaquin, Chlorfenapyr, Hydramethylnon, Pyridaben, and Tolfenpyrad).

Introduction. One of the most progressive directions of the modern stage of development of biology is the deepening of knowledge about the mechanisms of regulation of metabolic processes, in particular about signal molecules that transmit information to the cell through ion channels and nuclear receptors associated with G-protein or with enzymatic activity. The nuclear Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) is mainly expressed in the liver and intestines, it regulates key genes that provide the processes of synthesis, transport and reabsorption of bile acids, and is also involved in the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates.Aim. To evaluate the effect of a farnesoid X receptor agonist on postprandial lipemia in rats fed a supraphysiological fat diet.Materials and methods. An experimental, prospective, controlled, unblinded, randomized study was conducted to study the effect of a farnesoid X receptor agonist (obeticholic acid) on postprandial lipemia in rats receiving a diet containing a supraphysiological dose of fats.Results and discussion. It has been shown that when assessing postprandial lipemia, an oral test for tolerance to supraphysiological doses of fat with the determination of the initial lipid profile parameters and 4 hours after exercise has a sufficiently high information content. It was found that in animals that received a diet containing an increased amount of fat for 28 days, there was an imbalance in lipid metabolism with activation of their absorption in the intestine, but a "slow" reaction of the mechanisms of intermediate lipid metabolism, which was accompanied by the accumulation of triglycerides and cholesterol in the blood of hungry rats, chylomicrons and LDL. At 4 hours post-feeding, these animals showed abnormal increases in triglycerides and cholesterol.Conclusion. The use of obeticholic acid harmonizes lipid metabolism against the background of alimentary fat load, due to the activation of farnesoid X-receptors of the intestine and liver, which is manifested by a simultaneous increase in the intensity of lipid absorption processes and their intermediate metabolism. As a result, the risk of hyperchylomicronemia, hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia is eliminated, the likelihood of developing secondary hyperlipedemia, insulin tolerance and functional overload (or pathology) of the liver is reduced.

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