EPNs Exhibit Repulsion to Prenol in Pluronic Gel Assays

Baiocchi, Tiffany; Li, Chunjie; Dillman, Adler R.

doi:10.3390/insects11080457

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…The ammonia present in insect feces can inhibit EPN IJ responses to hosts ( Grewal et al, 1993 ) and may trigger IJ emergence ( San-Blas et al, 2008 ). Additionally, compounds such as prenol (3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol) appear to alter EPN behavior; recent assessments ( Kin et al, 2019 and Baiocchi et al, 2020 ) observed that while all of the EPN species tested were repelled by prenol, only a subset of the species tested responded to prenol exposure by increasing rates of dispersal ( Kin et al, 2019 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infected host responses across entomopathogenic nematode phylogeny

Erdoğan

Stevens

et al. 2021

Journal of Nematology

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We used a phylogenetic framework to examine the relationship between entomopathogenic nematode (EPN) vertical dispersal and infectivity when EPNs are exposed to a mixture of compounds found in late-stage EPN-infected insect cadavers. EPNs from five phylogenetically close and distant species ( Heterorhabditis bacteriophora , H. georgiana , H. megidis , H. indica and Steinernema feltiae ) were exposed to cadaver macerate produced by their own species’ infection and by H. bacteriophora infected hosts. We found that only three of the five species ( H. bacteriophora , H. indica and S. feltiae ) responded to exposure to their own macerate by increasing rates of dispersal. When we exposed all five species to a H. bacteriophora infected host macerate, we found that only H. bacteriophora responded by increasing dispersal, and that the most distantly related species ( S. feltiae ) essentially halted dispersal. These findings suggest that (1) responses to cadaver macerate vary, and (2) there may be a relationship between inherent dispersal rates and sensitivity to macerate exposure, as the most rapidly dispersing species ( H. megidis ) showed no response to macerate exposure.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infected host responses across entomopathogenic nematode phylogeny

Erdoğan

Stevens

et al. 2021

Journal of Nematology

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“…When hydrogels have been used to examine nematode behaviors in three dimensions, they have maintained the traditional approaches of using large-format dishes or wells (Baiocchi et al, 2020;Guisnet et al, 2021;Lesanpezeshki et al, 2019). We combined advances in microdevice fabrication and hydrogel utilization for nematode culture to design a 96-well device that allows nematodes to freely burrow through a three-dimensional environment toward a cue or away from a repellent.…”

Section: Elegans Gustatory Behaviormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, three-dimensional hydrogel-based nematode burrowing assays have been developed, and it has been shown that rearing nematodes in a three-dimensional environment reveals natural behaviors that are masked when using two-dimensional arenas (Baiocchi et al, 2020;Guisnet et al, 2021). Additionally, microfluidic devices have been designed to probe nematode sensory behaviors in an aqueous environment, increasing quantitative sensitivity (Chronis et al, 2007;Hu et al, 2015).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A high-throughput nematode sensory assay reveals an inhibitory effect of ivermectin on parasite gustation

Nunn

Juang

Beebe

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Sensory pathways first elucidated in Caenorhabditis elegans are conserved across free-living and parasitic nematodes, even though each species responds to a diverse array of compounds. Most nematode sensory assays are performed by tallying observations of worm behavior on two-dimensional planes using agarose plates. These assays have been successful in the study of volatile sensation but are poorly suited for investigation of water-soluble gustation or parasitic nematodes without a free-living stage. In contrast, gustatory assays tend to be tedious, often limited to the manipulation of a single individual at a time. We have designed a nematode sensory assay using a microfluidics device that allows for the study of gustation in a 96-well, three-dimensional environment. This device is suited for free-living worms and parasitic worms that spend their lives in an aqueous environment, and we have used it to show that ivermectin inhibits the gustatory ability of vector-borne parasitic nematodes.

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The impact of chemical nematicides on entomopathogenic nematode survival and infectivity

Touray

Çimen

Gülşen

et al. 2021

Journal of Nematology

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Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) belonging to the genera, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, occur naturally in the soil along with plant-parasitic nematodes which are important root pests of many different crops. Here, we report the effects of four registered nematicidal compounds (fluopyram, fosthiazate, metam potassium, and fenamiphos) that are used for the control of PPNs on the survival, virulence, penetration efficiency, and reproduction of S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora. Despite previous studies warning of the impact of nematicidal compounds on IJ survival and infectivity, none have assessed their impact on EPN chemotaxis, penetration into and reproduction in insect host or conducted longer term soil assays. Survival of EPNs, based on observing IJ movement under a stereomicroscope after incubation in different concentrations of nematicides, showed that ≥ 80% of both nematode species were killed by fosthiazate, fenamiphos and metam potassium within 24 h. The recommended concentration of fluopyram killed 33% of H. bacteriophora, and 28% of S. carpocapsae after 48 h exposure. IJs exposed to the nematicides were less virulent against Galleria mellonella larvae in sand bioassay to non-treated IJs as significantly more control IJs of both EPN species penetrated their insect host (~47% of IJs added) than IJs exposed to fluopyram and fosthiazate; and the number of IJ progeny emerging from these controls was significantly higher than the number of IJ progeny emerging from IJs treated with the nematicidal compounds. In a highly novel discovery, the chemotaxis experiments using Pluronic F-127 gel indicated that H. bacteriophora were repelled from nematicide-treated environments. Moreover, IJs of both species added to treated natural loamy-clay soil at 5-day-intervals for 30 days post application of nematicides were generally unable to induce G. mellonella mortality, except for S. carpocapsae IJs added to fosthiazate-treated soil. Overall, our study indicates that there were detrimental effects of the nematicides on EPN IJs in treated soil. Therefore, overlap in timing for control of PPNs and the use of EPNs for biological insect control must be avoided. Future studies should assess the optimization of timing for nematicides use and survival and infectivity of IJs in the soil.

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EPNs Exhibit Repulsion to Prenol in Pluronic Gel Assays

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Infected host responses across entomopathogenic nematode phylogeny

Infected host responses across entomopathogenic nematode phylogeny

A high-throughput nematode sensory assay reveals an inhibitory effect of ivermectin on parasite gustation

The impact of chemical nematicides on entomopathogenic nematode survival and infectivity

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