Equilibrium Polarization of Ultrathin<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>PbTiO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>with Surface Compensation Controlled by Oxygen Partial Pressure

Highland, Matthew J.; Fister, Timothy T.; Fong, Dillon D.; Fuoss, P. H.; Thompson, Carol; Eastman, J. A.; Streiffer, S. K.; Stephenson, G. B.

doi:10.1103/physrevlett.107.187602

Cited by 123 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…26 The nature of the ionic species on the surface is still under debate. 4,27 Surface dissociation of water is generally expected to occur during polarization, whereby a water neck is formed between the tip and the sample, and a voltage of a few volts is applied between the sample and the tip. Additionally, exposure to water vapor can induce changes in the chemistry and the structure of the film surface.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Studying the dynamics and nature of the adsorbates involved in the screening is of paramount importance in ferroelectric materials. 4 Surface charge screening determines the stabilization of the ferroelectric domains 5 as well as the motion of wall domains. 6 Electrostatic Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques such as Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) have been used to study ferroelectric domains and surface screening on BaTiO 3 (100) surfaces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Surface screening of written ferroelectric domains in ambient conditions

Segura

Domingo

Fraxedas

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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We have combined Piezoresponse Force Microscopy and Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy (KPFM) to study screening charge dynamics in written domains on PbZr0.2Ti0.8O3 (PZT) thin film surfaces under a controlled environment and at variable temperature. The screening dynamics decayed exponentially on a timescale of tens of minutes, consistently with what we expected for water-mediated surface diffusion of ionic species. Variable-temperature KPFM measurements showed variations in surface potential due to temporary unbalanced surface screening charges. Low humidity experiments revealed gradual incorporation of positive charges onto the surface, even in a non-reactive environment (N2), as well as deceleration of the screening dynamics upon reversal of the temperature variation. Our work may serve as a guide for future studies on the dynamics and nature of adsorbates on polarized PZT thin films.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Surface screening of written ferroelectric domains in ambient conditions

Segura

Domingo

Fraxedas

et al. 2013

Journal of Applied Physics

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“…Early work on SPM of ferroelectrics had already contained sufficient indicators that in some cases, the origin of the observed contrast could be more complicated, as evidenced by the early work of Franke 43,44 and Khim 45 postulating a strong electrostatic contribution to the contact-mode signal, work by Kalinin and Bonnell on Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy of ferroelectric surfaces during phase transitions and domain wall motion, 60, 61, 74-76 a set of work by a group at Argonne on chemical screening, 78,79,[226][227][228][229] and certain PFM observations such as back-switching and formation of bubble domains.…”

Section: Related Observationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ferroelectric or non-ferroelectric: Why so many materials exhibit “ferroelectricity” on the nanoscale

Vasudevan

Balke

Maksymovych

et al. 2017

Applied Physics Reviews

270

206

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Ferroelectric materials have remained one of the foci of condensed matter physics and materials science for over 50 years. In the last 20 years, the development of voltage-modulated scanning probe microscopy techniques, exemplified by Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) and associated time-and voltage spectroscopies, opened a pathway to explore these materials on a single-digit nanometer level. Consequently, domain structures, walls and polarization dynamics can now be imaged in real space. More generally, PFM has allowed studying electromechanical coupling in a broad variety of materials ranging from ionics to biological systems. It can also be anticipated that the recent Nobel prize 1 in molecular electromechanical machines will result in rapid growth in interest in PFM as a method to probe their behavior on single device and device assembly levels. However, the broad introduction of PFM also resulted in a growing number of reports on nearly-ubiquitous presence of ferroelectric-like phenomena including remnant polar states and electromechanical hysteresis loops in materials which are non-ferroelectric in the bulk, or in cases where size effects are expected to suppress ferroelectricity. While in certain cases plausible physical mechanisms can be suggested, there is remarkable similarity in observed behaviors, irrespective of the materials system. In this review, we summarize the basic principles of PFM, briefly discuss the features of ferroelectric surfaces salient to PFM imaging and spectroscopy, and summarize existing reports on ferroelectric-like responses in non-classical ferroelectric materials. We further discuss possible mechanisms behind observed behaviors, and possible experimental strategies for their identification.3

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“…At the same time scaling down polar materials brings about the undesirable but unavoidable companion -the depolarizing field. Such field appears in response to partial surface charge compensation and is known to have a dramatic effect on the electric properties and domain patterns in ferroelectric thin films [9][10][11][12]. In particular, it can alter the state of ferroelectric ultrathin films in two different ways.…”

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confidence: 99%