Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Howe, Daniel K.; MacKay, Robert J.; Reed, Stephen M.

doi:10.1016/j.cveq.2014.08.012

Cited by 58 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 83 publications

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“…However, the simple detection of a specific antibody does not confirm the diagnosis of the disease since EPM occurs in a small proportion of infected horses [1]. This initial serosurvey of Neospora spp.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in Spanish equids: first detection of anti-Besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in Europe

et al. 2017

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BackgroundEquine besnoitiosis, caused by Besnoitia bennetti, and equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), caused by Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi are relevant equine diseases in the Americas that have been scarcely studied in Europe. Thus, a serosurvey of these cystogenic coccidia was carried out in Southern Spain. A cross-sectional study was performed and serum samples from horses (n = 553), donkeys (n = 85) and mules (n = 83) were included. An in-house enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was employed to identify a Besnoitia spp. infection and positive results were confirmed by an a posteriori western blot. For Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp., infections were detected using in-house ELISAs based on the parasite surface antigens N. hughesi rNhSAG1 and S. neurona rSnSAG2/3/4. Risk factors associated with these protozoan infections were also investigated.ResultsAntibodies against Besnoitia spp., Neospora spp. and Sarcocystis spp. infections were detected in 51 (7.1%), 46 (6.4%) and 20 (2.8%) of 721 equids, respectively. The principal risk factors associated with a higher seroprevalence of Besnoitia spp. were the host species (mule or donkey), the absence of shelter and the absence of a rodent control programme. The presence of rodents was the only risk factor for Neospora spp. infection.ConclusionsThis study was the first extensive serosurvey of Besnoitia spp. infection in European equids accomplished by two complementary tests and gives evidence of the presence of specific antibodies in these populations. However, the origin of the infection is still unclear. Further parasite detection and molecular genotyping are needed to identify the causative Besnoitia and Neospora species. Finally, cross-reactions with antibodies directed against other species of Sarcocystis might explain the positive reactions against the S. neurona antigens.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1046-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…have been reported to affect equids. Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi are the causative agents of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), a serious neurological disease of horses in the Americas [1]. Moreover, besnoitiosis in donkeys caused by Besnoitia bennetti in donkeys is an emerging disease in the United States [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in Spanish equids: first detection of anti-Besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in Europe

et al. 2017

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“…Sarcocystis neurona is the primary causative agent of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM), which is a serious neurologic disease that impacts horses in North and South America (Dubey, et al, 2015, Howe, et al, 2014). The clinical signs of EPM are variable and can range from acute to chronic, with the potential for neuropathology in all areas of the central nervous system (CNS) although the spinal cord is most commonly affected.…”

Section: Inhibition Of Apicomplexan Parasite Growth and Replicatiomentioning

confidence: 99%

Extended-spectrum antiprotozoal bumped kinase inhibitors: A review

Voorhis

Doggett

Parsons

et al. 2017

Experimental Parasitology

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Many life-cycle processes in parasites are regulated by protein phosphorylation. Hence, disruption of essential protein kinase function has been explored for therapy of parasitic diseases. However, the difficulty of inhibiting parasite protein kinases to the exclusion of host orthologues poses a practical challenge. A possible path around this difficulty is the use of bumped kinase inhibitors for targeting calcium dependent protein kinases that contain atypically small gatekeeper residues and are crucial for pathogenic apicomplexan parasites’ survival and proliferation. In this review, we review efficacy against the kinase target, the parasite growth in vitro, and in animal infection models, as well as the relevant pharmacokinetic and safety parameters of bumped-kinase inhibitors.

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“…429 Occasionally flushing of the guttural pouch and surgical correction of guttural pouch tympany results in damage to the cranial nerves coursing through the pouch with consequent neurologic dysfunction. [404][405][406][437][438][439][440][441] Dysphagia is a relatively common finding in horses affected with rabies. 432,433 Lead toxicity may result in a peripheral neuropathy with dysphagia.…”

Section: Functional Causesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems

Hines¹

2018

Equine Internal Medicine

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Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis

Cited by 58 publications

References 83 publications

A serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in Spanish equids: first detection of anti-Besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in Europe

A serosurvey of selected cystogenic coccidia in Spanish equids: first detection of anti-Besnoitia spp. specific antibodies in Europe

Extended-spectrum antiprotozoal bumped kinase inhibitors: A review

Clinical Approach to Commonly Encountered Problems

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