Equivocal plantar responses: a clinical and electromyographic study.

The Babinski sign

“…Based on the physiological considerations above, three rules should be borne in mind when interpreting the movement of the big toe. These rules have been shown to improve accuracy of the sign when compared against clinical and electromyographic recordings (Van Gijn, 1976) and when taught to medical students have been shown to improve their performance (Raijmakers et al 1991). Babinski sign.…”

Kinematic and kinetic analysis of the inter- and intra-applicator assessment of the Babinski reflex

“…Mechanical stimulation of the Babinski reflex has been used in many research studies [3,6,12,13,16,17,20,21,22,25]. The stimulation movement employed by neurologists, from the heel up along the lateral plantar border and then medially across the transverse arch, was the same in all these studies.…”

The Interrater Reliability of Subjective Assessments of the Babinski Reflex

“…Raijmakers et al showed that with the use of these rules observer variation when assessing the Babinski reflex was decreased. However, despite these guidelines, difficulties with assessing the Babinski reflex still exist (van Gijn, 1976).…”