“…The following directions of higher education's development are distinguished in the existing literature: − University/industry research collaboration for the improved mastering of applied competencies by university students, increase in the competitiveness of university graduates in the labor market, improvement of their employment opportunities and career building and creation of applied technologies and accelerated commercialization of university innovations (Fernandes and O'Sullivan, 2023;Zhuang and Zhou, 2023); − Expenditure on education for the improvement of accessibility of higher education services, which, in particular, involves an increase in the scale of state order for the training of highly skilled and digital personnel by state-funded universities on budgetary places (Ali, 2022;Ojha et al, 2022); − Pupil-teacher ratio for improvement of the quality of higher education services that are provided by universities (Pérez-Rodríguez et al, 2022;Valverde-Espinoza and Barja-Ore, 2022); − Mobility in higher education for the free exchange of knowledge and technologies, international recognition of education diplomas, the attraction of foreign students and teachers, foreign internships, research by international scientific groups and strengthening of the international status of universities (Lo et al, 2022;Cuzzocrea and Krzaklewska, 2023); − Gross expenditure on R&D, the centers of which are universities, for the acceleration of innovative development of the economy (Su et al, 2022;Weiyu et al, 2022); − QS university ranking for strengthening of the global competitiveness of universities, which is demonstrated by their position in international university rankings, of which the QS ranking is one of the most respectable (Estrada-Real and Cantu-Ortiz, 2022;Moshtagh et al, 2023).…”