Erosion induced channel migration and its impact on dwellers in the lower Gumti River, Tripura, India

Place attachment, migratory behaviour and its impact on economic activity: a study with special reference to Eastern India

“…Though marriage and employment are the major reason for migration, a majority of the migrants moved within the country, making internal migration as an effective tool to improve the livelihood of the migrants and their family (Census Report, 2011). As district-wise data are still not available as per the census report 2011, the authors followed the study conducted by Ahmed et al . (2018) where they identified Burdwan (then undivided), Nadia, Hooghly and Murshidabad as the major districts that witnessed most of the out migration from the State of West Bengal.…”

Vulnerability to riverbank erosion in India and Bangladesh: A review for future research framework

“…In Dhulian, West Bengal as well, the formation of shoals and mid-channel bars in the Ganges helped increase the pressure of water which accelerated the process of bank erosion (Ghosh & Sahu, 2018). Increase in sediment load also raised the riverbed which invited flooding (Ahmed, Das, Debnath, & Bhowmik, 2018;Mukherjee, 2011). The outcomes of channel shifting were observed in Murshidabad, West Bengal where area under sparse vegetation decreased from 1990-2010 (Ghosh & Sahu, 2019).…”

“…Land loss incarnated in forms like loss of homesteads, agricultural lands, forests and lands harbouring various infrastructural facilities (Karim, 1995;Uddin & Rahman, 2011). Houses, roads (Barua, Rahman, & Molla, 2019), embankments, markets, educational institutes, religious institutes, crops (Bhuiyan et al, 2017;Ferdous et al 2019;Hoque & Haque, 2013;Islam, 2017;Iva, Hazra, Faisal, Saha, & Hossain, 2017;Rashid, 2013), forest lands, family lands (Hassan, Siddik, Akhtar, & Rahman, 2018), homesteads, farm lands (Alam, 2017;Hamide & Karim, 2017;Hossain, 1993;Zaman, 1989) and agricultural lands (Ahmed et al, 2018;Debnath et al, 2017;Dutta & Chakroborty, 2013;Ghosh & Mahbub, 2014;Islam & Guchhait, 2017, 2018Rahman, 2010;Rahman et al, 2016;Tripathy & Mondal, 2019) were wiped out by bank erosion. Large land areas were eroded in Malda's mouzas of Dharampur, Raniganj, and Hiranandapur accounting for over 13 km 2 of lost land area (Mandal, Debanshi, & Mandal, 2016).…”

Spatiotemporal Migration of the River Ganga in Middle Ganga Plane: Application of Remote Sensing and GIS Technique

“…Such changes may include 2D changes (e.g., adjustments in channel planform) along with specific 1D change (e.g., changes in depth, width, and thalweg length) in the river morphology (Wallick et al 2006;Ahmed et al 2018). However, if the channels incised as it is the case with most of the rivers of the central Ganga Plain, they can migrate inside their valleys only.…”

“…It is flowing incised into its river valley, which is carved within the Upland Terrace Surface (T 2 surface) of the Ganga Plain (Singh 1996;Shukla et al 2001;Srivastava and Shukla 2009;Shukla et al 2012;Jayaswal et al 2016). Several studies on the spatiotemporal reallocation of riverbank have been carried out for many rivers like the Ganga River (Srivastava and Singh 1999;Swamee et al 2003;Pati et al 2008;Thakur et al 2012;Chakraborty and Mukhopadhyay, 2015;Debnath et al 2017;Bhowmik et al 2018;Ahmed et al 2018), River Varuna (Prakash et al 2016, River Majuli (Mani et al 2003), Brahmaputra River (Kotoky et al 2005), River Tummel, Scotland (Winterbottom and Gilvear 2000), River Indus (Harbor et al 1994), River Bhagirathi-Hugli (Pal et al 2016).…”