Erratum: P<scp>aracoccidioidomycosis of the</scp> M<scp>outh: an</scp>                   E<scp>merging</scp> D<scp>eep</scp> M<scp>ycosis</scp>

Almeida, Oslei Paes de; Jacks, Jorge; Scully, Crispian

doi:10.1177/154411130301400508

Cited by 50 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…According to previous reports, these organs are the most common organs involved in PCM (Almeida et al , 2003; Verli et al , 2005; Vieira and Borsatto-Galera, 2006). We found that almost half of our PCM cases (41.9%) were diagnosed in the odontology pathology laboratory, which indicates that the oropharyngeal mucosa is frequently affected by this disease.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…This difference may be explained by a hormone protective factor in women. The presence of estrogen receptors in P. brasiliensis inhibits the transformation from the mycelial phase to the yeast parasitic phase of the fungus (Borges-Walmsley et al , 2002; Almeida et al , 2003; Vieira and Borsatto-Galera, 2006; Bousquet et al , 2007). If there is a hormone protective factor, then postmenopausal women should become more susceptible to PCM.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Paracoccidioidomycosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul: a retrospective study of histopathologically diagnosed cases

Souza¹,

Jorge²,

Xavier

2014

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis and is endemic to Brazil. The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of the PCM cases in the countryside south of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The files from four histopathology laboratories located in the city of Pelotas were obtained, and all of the epidemiological and clinical data from the PCM diagnosed cases were collected for analysis. A total of 123 PCM cases diagnosed between 1966 and 2009 were selected. Of these patients, 104 (84.5%) were male, and 17 were female. The patients ranged from 02 to 92 years of age. Fifty-two cases (41.9%) were obtained from the oral pathology laboratory, and the remaining 71 cases (58.1%) were obtained from the three general pathology laboratories. Of all of the patients studied, 65.2% lived in rural zones and worked in agriculture or other related fields. Data on the evolution of this disease was available for 43 cases, and the time frame ranged from 20 to 2920 days (mean = 572.3 days). An accurate diagnosis performed in less than 30 days only occurred in 21% of the cases. PCM is endemic to the countryside of Rio Grande do Sul. Therefore, it is recommended that PCM be included as a differential diagnosis, mainly for individuals between 30 and 60 years of age, living in rural zones and who have respiratory signs and associated-oropharyngeal lesions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracoccidioidomycosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul: a retrospective study of histopathologically diagnosed cases

Souza¹,

Jorge²,

Xavier

2014

Braz. J. Microbiol.

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“…The infection occurs through the inhalation of conidia, which convert into yeasts in the lungs, causing benign and transient lesions. It may progress into an acute form or, more frequently, reactivate later as a chronic and insidious disease ( Restrepo, 2000 ; de Almeida, 2005 ; Laniado-Laborin, 2007 ), which disseminates to many different organs and tissues, particularly the skin, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, upper gastrointestinal tract, lymph nodes, adrenal glands, and central nervous system ( Tuder et al, 1985 ; Do Valle et al, 1993 ; Almeida et al, 2003 ; de Almeida, 2005 ; Restrepo et al, 2008 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Paracoccin Induces M1 Polarization of Macrophages via Interaction with TLR4

et al. 2016

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The fungal human pathogen Paracoccidioides brasiliensis contains paracoccin (PCN), a multi-domain protein that has lectin and N-acetyl-glucosaminidase activities, which account for its effects on the growth and morphogenesis of the fungus and on the activation of host macrophages through its interaction with TLR N-glycans. With the purpose of detailing the knowledge on the effects of PCN on macrophages, we used recombinant PCN expressed in Pichia pastoris (p-rPCN) to stimulate isolated murine peritoneal macrophages. The activation of these cells manifested through the release of high levels of inflammatory mediators, such as nitric oxide, TNF-α, IL-12p40, and IL-6. Furthermore, peritoneal macrophages stimulated with p-rPCN increased the relative expression of STAT1, SOCS3, and iNOS2 mRNA (M1 polarization markers). However, the expression of Arginase-1, Ym-1, and FIZZ1 (M2 polarization markers) remained at basal levels. Interestingly, the observed M1 macrophages’ polarization triggered by p-rPCN was abolished in cells obtained from knockout Toll-like receptor-4 mice. In this case, the p-rPCN-induced production of pro-inflammatory mediators was blocked too. These results demonstrate that the classical activation of macrophages induced by paracoccin depends on TLR4. Taken together, the results of our study indicate that paracoccin acts as a TLR agonist able to modulate immunity and exerts biological activities that favor its applicability as an immunotherapeutic agent to combat systemic fungal infections.

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Paracoccidioidomycosis

2011

Fundamental Medical Mycology

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RESUMENLa paracoccidioidomicosis es una de las micosis profundas más prevalentes en América Latina, causada por el hongo dimófico Paracoccidioides brasiliensis. La enfermedad presenta gran variabilidad clínica y se divide en dos formas de presentación. La forma aguda, que es la menos frecuente (3%-5% de los casos). Y la crónica, la más frecuente (>90% de los casos), que afecta principalmente a hombres mayores de 20-30 años. El diagnóstico se basa en la clínica, visualización microscópica de elementos fúngicos sugestivos de P. brasiliensis, cultivo del hongo de especímenes clínicos, pruebas serológicas, y otros exámenes como rayos X/tomografía axial computarizada (TAC) de acuerdo con la forma y presentación clínica. Cuando se confirma el diagnóstico, todos los pacientes deben recibir tratamiento. Los más usados son el itraconazol y el trimetropim/sulfametoxazol (TMP/ SMX). La anfotericina B se reserva para casos más severos. Las tasas de recaídas son poco frecuentes en aquellos pacientes que reciben un tratamiento completo y adecuado. Sin embargo, estas aumentan si se trata de pacientes inmunocomprometidos o aquellos que suspenden el tratamiento antes de cumplir con los criterios de curación. Es importante realizar un diagnóstico oportuno para evitar las secuelas producidas por la enfermedad, las cuales son más comunes en los pacientes con paracoccidioidomicosis crónica. Palabras clave: micosis; paracoccidioidomicosis; diagnóstico diferencial. ABSTRACTParacoccidioidomycosis is one of the most prevalent systemic mycoses in Latin America. Caused by the dimorphic fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, the disease may have a broad clinical spectrum, and is divided into two forms: the acute form, the least frequent (3%-5% of cases), and the chronic form, the most common (>90% of cases), which primarily affects men aged 20-30 years. The diagnosis is based on clinical presentation, microscopic visualization of the fungus suggestive of P. brasiliensis, culture of the fungus, serology, and other tests, such as X-ray or CT scan, depending on the clinical presentation. Upon diagnosis, all patients must receive treatment. The most common treatments are itraconazole and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole; amphotericin B is reserved for severe cases. Relapse rates are infrequent in those who receive the entire treatment. However, they may increase in patients who are immunocompromised or those who stop the treatment before meeting the cure criteria. Developments of sequelae are more common in the chronic form. Thus, early diagnosis is important in order to prevent disabling sequelae caused by the disease.

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Erratum: Paracoccidioidomycosis of the Mouth: an Emerging Deep Mycosis

Cited by 50 publications

References 73 publications

Paracoccidioidomycosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul: a retrospective study of histopathologically diagnosed cases

Paracoccidioidomycosis in southern Rio Grande do Sul: a retrospective study of histopathologically diagnosed cases

Paracoccin Induces M1 Polarization of Macrophages via Interaction with TLR4

Paracoccidioidomycosis

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