“…Both CCK and CCK receptor-expressing neurons have been implicated in defensive behaviors (Bertoglio, de Bortoli, & Zangrossi, 2007; Chen et al, 2022; W. Wang, P. J. Schuette, M. Q. La-Vu, et al, 2021). PVN neurons also express CCK receptors and are involved in defensive behaviors (Mangieri et al, 2019a; O’Shea & Gundlach, 1993; Xu et al, 2019), raising a possibility that upstream CCK inputs to the PVN (Meister, Broberger, Villar, & Hökfelt, 1994) may be implicated in defensive behaviors.…”