ESCAPE to Precaution against Leader Failures

Abstract

Leader-based consensus protocols must undergo a view-change phase to elect a new leader when the current leader fails. The new leader is often decided upon a candidate server that collects votes from a quorum of servers. However, votingbased election mechanisms intrinsically cause competition in leadership candidacy when each candidate collects only partial votes. This split-vote scenario can result in no leadership winner and prolong the undesired view-change period. In this paper, we investigate a case study of Raft's leader election mechanism and propose a new leader election protocol, called ESCAPE, that fundamentally solves split votes by prioritizing servers based on their log responsiveness. ESCAPE dynamically assigns servers with a configuration that offers different priorities through Raft's periodic heartbeat. In each assignment, ESCAPE keeps track of server log responsiveness and assigns configurations that are inclined to win an election to more up-to-date servers, thereby preparing a pool of prioritized candidates. Consequently, when the next election takes place, the candidate with the highest priority will defeat its counterparts and becomes the next leader without competition. The evaluation results show that ESCAPE progressively reduces the leader election time when the cluster scales up, and the improvement becomes more significant under message loss.

Blockchain for V2X: Applications and Architectures

“…For example, the Diem network [24] was run by a collection of corporations; the group was led by Facebook (now Meta) and its members included blockchain companies, e-commerce companies, and payment processors, among others [25]. The primary con-cern of permissioned blockchains is to design efficient and effective Byzantine fault-tolerant (BFT) algorithms to tolerate arbitrary failures [26]- [28]. PBFT [29] and its variants (e.g., BFT-SMaRt [30]), which achieve consensus using O(n 2 ) messages, have been widely used in platforms such as Hyperledger Fabric [31] and R3 Corda [32].…”