Essential elements in the different type of fruits, soil and water samples collected from Markazi province, Iran: a health risk assessment study

Abstract

Fruits could contain elements in various concentrations, which can have both positive and negative impacts on human health. The concentrations of essential elements, including Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn), and Chromium (Cr) in five types of fruits, namely, peach, apple, grape, nectarine, and golden plum, and the soil and irrigation water from six industrial zones of Markazi province, Iran, were evaluated using an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) technique. The noncarcinogenic risk was assessed by determining the target hazard quotient and the Monte Carlo simulation model. The highest concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Cr were observed in golden plum, while the highest concentrations of Cu and Zn were noted in grape and apple, respectively. The order of the mean of concentrations of elements in the soil and water samples were Fe > Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr. The transfer factor (TF) results indicate that studied fruits could not absorb a high amount of these elements from the soil (TF < 1). Target hazard quotient values of these elements in both adults and chil-dren were ranked as Cr > Cur > Fe > Mn > Zn. The target hazard quotient was 95% and total target hazard quo-tient was <1, meaning that the consumption of fruits is safe for consumers.

Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines: Determination, Comprehensive Risk Assessments, and Solutions

“…CR of these three metals in the same herbal medicine was also summed up to give total CR of single herbal medicine. If CR is higher than 10 −6 , which means one case of cancer over one million exposed people, it is considered unacceptable (Fakhari et al, 2017;Onyele and Anyanwu, 2018).…”

“…It is known that numerous traditional medicines can give rise to severe adverse renal pathology, the mechanism of which is yet not fully certain but has been associated with heavy metal toxicity (Awodele et al, 2013). Uptake of heavy metals by plants and subsequent accumulation along the food chain is a potential threat to animal and human health (Jiwan and Kalamdhad, 2011). Particularly as heavy metals are known to have low renal excretion rates, potentially resulting adverse effects in humans even at very low concentrations (Jamroz et al, 2015).…”

“…Particularly as heavy metals are known to have low renal excretion rates, potentially resulting adverse effects in humans even at very low concentrations (Jamroz et al, 2015). They are not easily metabolized by body and are found to accumulate in the soft tissues (Jiwan and Kalamdhad, 2011). They produce toxic effects due to their interference in many known normal biochemical and metabolic processes (Kurban et al, 2015).…”

Pesticide Residues in Fruits: Health Risks and Safety Measures

“…According to Kandasamy and Shanmugapriya (2015), fruit is the fleshy growth that arises from the ovary of a flower and may not necessarily include any other structures or fruit is the edible product of a plant or tree that includes the seed and its envelope and can typically be described as juicy, sweet, and pulpy. A true fruit or eucarp is a mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilization (Rezaei et al, 2020).…”

The concentration of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) in drinking water from Shiraz, Iran: a health risk assessment of samples

“…PTEs include copper (Cu), arsenic (As), iron (Fe), molybdenum (Mo), cobalt (Co), zinc (Zn), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and manganese (Mn) (Bounar et al 2020;Heshmati et al 2020). The effects of PTEs are related to their concentrations (Hu et al 2022;Luo et al 2022;Rezaei et al 2020). Based on the reports, low concentrations of PTEs can act as nutrients and cofactors in enzymatic metabolism.…”