Essential Oil Characterization of Thymus vulgaris from Various Geographical Locations

Abstract

Thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) is a commonly used flavoring agent and medicinal herb. Several chemotypes of thyme, based on essential oil compositions, have been established, including (1) linalool; (2) borneol; (3) geraniol; (4) sabinene hydrate; (5) thymol; (6) carvacrol, as well as a number of multiple-component chemotypes. In this work, two different T. vulgaris essential oils were obtained from France and two were obtained from Serbia. The chemical compositions were determined using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. In addition, chiral gas chromatography was used to determine the enantiomeric compositions of several monoterpenoid components. The T. vulgaris oil from Nyons, France was of the linalool chemotype (linalool, 76.2%; linalyl acetate, 14.3%); the oil sample from Jablanicki, Serbia was of the geraniol chemotype (geraniol, 59.8%; geranyl acetate, 16.7%); the sample from Pomoravje District, Serbia was of the sabinene hydrate chemotype (cis-sabinene hydrate, 30.8%; trans-sabinene hydrate, 5.0%); and the essential oil from Richerenches, France was of the thymol chemotype (thymol, 47.1%; p-cymene, 20.1%). A cluster analysis based on the compositions of these essential oils as well as 81 additional T. vulgaris essential oils reported in the literature revealed 20 different chemotypes. This work represents the first chiral analysis of T. vulgaris monoterpenoids and a comprehensive description of the different chemotypes of T. vulgaris.

Combination of essential oil and ciprofloxacin to inhibit/eradicate biofilms in multidrug-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae

“…There is commonly observed correlation between the chemical structures of the prevalent constituents in the EOs under investigation and the antimicrobial/antibiofilm activities. Therefore, GC/MS analysis was performed and thymol was found to be the major compound that characterized the chemotype of T. vulgaris oil representing the highest percentage of thymol in comparison with all other studies from different countries (Miladi et al 2013;Al-Shuneigat et al 2014b;Santurio et al 2014;Satyal et al 2016). It is well known that the components and chemical characteristics of EOs vary with plant maturity, variety, geographical region, growth and processing conditions which affect their antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity.…”

“…; Satyal et al . ). It is well known that the components and chemical characteristics of EOs vary with plant maturity, variety, geographical region, growth and processing conditions which affect their antimicrobial/antibiofilm activity.…”

Effects of active edible coating based on thyme and garlic essential oils on lamb meat shelf life after long‐term frozen storage

“…Its presence may be regarded as a consequence of the chemical polymorphism of the Thymus genus . The linalool chemotype has, notably, been reported in French populations of T. vulgaris . On the other hand, the thymol / carvacrol chemotypes are definitely more common in this species .…”

Chemotypic Characterization and Biological Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis

“…Antifungal activity was carried out as previously described [82]. Briefly, minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined using microdilution methods for Candida albicans (American Type Culture Collection, ATCC #18804), Cryptococcus neoformans (serotype D or var.…”