Energy security and environmental stress force China to seek and develop biofuels as a substitute of fossil energy. Meanwhile, China has great potential to provide a large quantity of feedstocks for biofuel production due to its vast amount of non-food crops, such as tuberous crops, sweet sorghum, cellulosic biomass, and algae. Recently, the study and the industrial-scale production of biofuels, particularly, fuel ethanol and biodiesel, have progressed remarkably in China as a result of government preferential policies and funding supports. We have briefl y reviewed the historical development of biofuels in China with special emphasis on current feedstock utilization and process technology development. The bottlenecks of utilizing various feedstocks have also been analyzed and the prospects for future biofuel development in China have been explored. Biorefi neries integrating reliable, low-cost and suffi cient non-food feedstock supplies with highly effi cient, environmentally friendly process technologies could sustain a bright future for biofuel development in China.