Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services

Bain, Robert; Johnston, Rick; Mitis, Francesco; Chatterley, Christie; Slaymaker, Tom

doi:10.3390/w10121711

Cited by 86 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The efficiency of local governments has been analyzed in relation to different public services (e.g., waste collection, drinking water supply, street lighting, and transport). In addition, other aspects have been evaluated such as: The extent of SDGs at the local level [8], the problem of water scarcity in reference to SDGs [9], the analysis of a part of SDG-6 [10], the indicators for evaluating drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) related to SDG-6 [11], and the total service gap in reference to target two of SDG-6 [12]. Among them, our study focuses on the SDG-6 from the perspective of Spanish local governments, considering that access to drinking water represents a fundamental need for the citizens [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Efficiency in the Spanish Clean Water and Sanitation Sector

2020

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In recent years, achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) is becoming a major challenge for local governments. This research focuses on the role of Spanish local governments in the fulfillment of SDG-6, which aims to ensure the availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all citizens. Specifically, this study analyses the evolution of the efficiency of Spanish local governments, and its determining factors, in the achievement of the SDG-6. The results indicate that the taxes associated with water supply and sanitation services, the private management of these services, population density, local government budget revenues, the income of the inhabitants of the municipality and the fragmentation of local governments are factors that can improve the evolution of the efficiency of Spanish local governments in achieving the SDG-6.Sustainability 2020, 12, 3015 2 of 13 debate on the efficiency in the management of water resources, which has become even more relevant with Agenda 2030 and, in particular, in relation to SDG-6. In this regard, measuring the evolution of the efficiency in the provision of water supply and sanitation services, and identifying how it can be improved to achieve SDG-6, is a further step towards the prosperity of the planet and people. However, despite the relevance of the topic, previous studies have investigated the efficiency of local governments in the provision of drinking water through Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and regression models. These approaches do not allow the measurement of inter-annual efficiency. In light of this, there is a clear need for more advanced methodologies capable of enabling a better understanding of the phenomenon. In this regard, our study aims to fill this important gap by using a different approach, represented by the Malmquist index (inter-annual evolution of efficiency) and a truncated regression model. In fact, this methodology allows an assessment of the inter-annual evolution of the efficiency of Spanish local governments in relation to the resources used to achieve SDG-6.Regarding the analysis of the determinants, this study investigates the impact of the characteristics of the service and the demographic, economic, and political factors of the municipality represented by taxes, type of management, population density, level of tourism, citizens' income, political ideology and political strength of the government.The structure of this study is organized as follows. After this introduction, we review the literature analyzing the relevance of SDGs and the determinants of efficiency in water supply and sanitation. Section 3 presents the methodology, referring to the sample, variables, and econometric model. Section 4 presents the results and discussion. Finally, in Section 5, we draw the main conclusions and implications of our findings, the limitations of the study, and the directions for further research. Literature Review

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Efficiency in the Spanish Clean Water and Sanitation Sector

2020

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“…Other culture-based methods [5] require dilutions for counts above 200 MPN (or colony forming units) and would likely have raw counts within the low (<1 MPN/100 mL) to high (101 to 1000 MPN/100 mL). Furthermore, Sustainable Development Goal water quality assessments for safely managed drinking water service monitoring [15] utilize these same categories; reinforcing their relevance.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

A Simple Off-Grid Incubator for Microbiological Water Quality Analysis

Bernardes¹,

Bernardes

Zimmer

et al. 2020

Water

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There is a need for accessible and low-cost microbiological water quality testing in contexts where diarrheal illness is a major public health concern. In most cases, the quantification of Escherichia coli and other microbial indicators by conventional culture methods requires an incubation step for processed samples at specific temperatures for bacterial growth over a prescribed time. However, incubators can be the most expensive equipment required for such microbial analyses, limiting the number and scope of water quality testing available in low-resource contexts. In this study, a low-cost incubator was developed using a locally available expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam cooler, with two water bottles filled with hot water to heat incubator to a target of 35 °C. The EPS incubator performance was validated by processing 150 water samples in duplicates using the Colilert Quanti-tray/2000 system, incubated in either the EPS incubator or a standard laboratory incubator set at 35 °C. Statistically significant correlations of results indicated that the quantification of E. coli was comparable between both methods. Risk categorizations from standard and EPS incubation results agreed for 141 of 150 (94%) samples, with zero false negatives. In addition to being reasonably mobile the EPS incubator would reduce the cost of such water quality testing, thus potentially increasing the scope of water quality testing coverage.

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“…33,34 Multi-country meta-analyses also provide estimates of contamination levels for drinking water collected at different sources or different levels of tap water service. 35 In addition, several methods were developed to estimate and predict water demand for urban piped water systems in low-or middle-income countries, with a focus on engineering and financial planning. 31 However, we could not identify previous attempts to spatially predict drinking water quality or domestic water quantity used at the household level that provides valuable information for water supply improvements targeting health benefits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predicting quality and quantity of water used by urban households based on tap water service

Jeandron

Cumming

Kapepula³

2019

npj Clean Water

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Despite significant progress in improving access to safe water globally, inadequate access remains a major public health concern in low-and middle-income countries. We collected data on the bacterial quality of stored drinking water and the quantity of water used domestically from 416 households in Uvira, Democratic Republic of the Congo. An indicator of tap water availability was constructed using invoices from 3685 georeferenced piped water connections. We examined how well this indicator predicts the probability that a household's stored drinking water is contaminated with Escherichia coli, and the total amount of water used at home daily, accounting for distance from alternative surface water sources. Probability of drinking water contamination is predicted with good discrimination overall, and very good discrimination for poorer households. More than 80% of the households are predicted to store contaminated drinking water in areas closest to the rivers and with the worst tap water service, where river water is also the most likely reported source of drinking water. A model including household composition predicts nearly two-thirds of the variability in the reported quantity of water used daily at home. Households located near surface water and with a poor tap water service indicator are more likely to use water directly at the source. Our results provide valuable information that supports an ongoing large-scale investment in water supply infrastructure in Uvira designed to reduce the high burden of cholera and other diarrhoeal diseases. This approach may be useful in other urban settings with limited water supply access.

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Establishing Sustainable Development Goal Baselines for Household Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene Services

Cited by 86 publications

References 26 publications

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Efficiency in the Spanish Clean Water and Sanitation Sector

Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. Efficiency in the Spanish Clean Water and Sanitation Sector

A Simple Off-Grid Incubator for Microbiological Water Quality Analysis

Predicting quality and quantity of water used by urban households based on tap water service

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