Establishment of a typing system for group D streptococci

Kühnen, Ernst; Richter, Frauke; Richter, Kai; Andries, L

doi:10.1016/s0176-6724(88)80048-8

Cited by 23 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Between 80 and 90% of clinical enterococcal isolates in recent studies have been E. faecalis (114,129,172,193), with E. faecium a distant second; therefore, this is the differentiation that should be most commonly made. In addition to the low degree of DNA relatedness between these species, a number of biochemical differences facilitate their differentiation.…”

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A recent publication reported a typing scheme, using both phage and enterococcines, with over 900 enterococci from two hospitals (114). A large percentage (79%) could be typed into one of 25 phage types, although 61% belonged to a single phage type.…”

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When phage typing was combined with enterococcine typing, 87% of strains could be typed. Among these strains, 187 types were obtained by combining species, phage type, and enterococcinotype (114).…”

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When enterococci from feces have been identified to species, many studies report that E. faecalis is more common and is found in higher numbers than E. faeciulm (14,59,114,159,190). Studies from some locations, however, have reported that E. faeciunm is found more often than E. faecalis (134).…”

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The life and times of the Enterococcus

Murray¹

1990

Clin Microbiol Rev

1,715

1,221

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Enterococci are important human pathogens that are increasingly resistant to antimicrobial agents. These organisms were previously considered part of the genus Streptococcus but have recently been reclassified into their own genus, called Enterococcus. To date, 12 species pathogenic for humans have been described, including the most common human isolates, Enterococcus faecalis and E. faecium. Enterococci cause between 5 and 15% of cases of endocarditis, which is best treated by the combination of a cell wall-active agent (such as penicillin or vancomycin, neither of which alone is usually bactericidal) and an aminoglycoside to which the organism is not highly resistant; this characteristically results in a synergistic bactericidal effect. High-level resistance (MIC, greater than or equal to 2,000 micrograms/ml) to the aminoglycoside eliminates the expected bactericidal effect, and such resistance has now been described for all aminoglycosides. Enterococci can also cause urinary tract infections; intraabdominal, pelvic, and wound infections; superinfections (particularly in patients receiving expanded-spectrum cephalosporins); and bacteremias (often together with other organisms). They are now the third most common organism seen in nosocomial infections. For most of these infections, single-drug therapy, most often with penicillin, ampicillin, or vancomycin, is adequate. Enterococci have a large number of both inherent and acquired resistance traits, including resistance to cephalosporins, clindamycin, tetracycline, and penicillinase-resistant penicillins such as oxacillin, among others. The most recent resistance traits reported are penicillinase resistance (apparently acquired from staphylococci) and vancomycin resistance, both of which can be transferred to other enterococci. It appears likely that we will soon be faced with increasing numbers of enterococci for which there is no adequate therapy.

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Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Species Identificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The life and times of the Enterococcus

Murray¹

1990

Clin Microbiol Rev

1,715

1,221

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“…No sequence could be obtained for the 29 kDa protein possibly due to N-terminal blockage. The first 9 aa of the 35 kDa protein, GSEVTLKNS, were found to be identical to those of gelatinase (also called coccolysin), a zinc-dependent endopeptidase isolated from E. faecalis OG1-10 which is considered to be involved in pathogenicity of Enterococcus species (Coque et al, 1995;Kuhnen et al, 1988). The 34 kDa protein was found to have the sequence ASNEWS, which is identical to the N terminus of enterolysin A (AF249740; Nilsen, 1999).…”

Section: Dpc5280 Contains the Genetic Determinants For Cytolysin Prodmentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of enterolysin A by a raw milk enterococcal isolate exhibiting multiple virulence factors

et al. 2003

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Even though enterococci are a common cause of human infection they can readily be isolated from a range of food sources, including various meat and dairy products. An enterococcal strain, DPC5280, which exhibits a broad spectrum of inhibition against many Gram-positive bacteria was recently isolated from an Irish raw milk sample. Characterization of the inhibition revealed that the strain exhibits haemolytic activity characteristic of the two-component lantibiotic cytolysin and also produces a heat-labile antimicrobial protein of 34 kDa. The latter protein displayed cell wall hydrolytic activity, as evidenced by zymogram gels containing autoclaved lactococcal cells. N-terminal sequencing of the purified protein yielded the sequence ASNEWS which is 100 % identical to enterolysin A (accession no. AF249740), a protein which shares 28 and 29 % identity to the Gly-Gly endopeptidases, lysostaphin and zoocin A, respectively. Indeed, amplification of entL from DPC5280 and sequencing revealed that the protein is 100 % identical to enterolysin A. The DPC5280 strain also contained the determinants associated with multiple virulence factors, including gelatinase, aggregation substance and multiple antibiotic resistance. The linkage of this cell-wall-degrading enzyme to other virulence factors in enterococci may contribute to the competitiveness of pathogenic enterococci when found in complex microbial environments such as food and the gastrointestinal tract. INTRODUCTIONDespite the fact that foods containing enterococci have a long history of safe use, these organisms are not considered as GRAS (generally recognized as safe) organisms. They can readily be isolated from a range of food sources, including raw milk, and are often a constituent of some mixed starter strains used commercially. However, many strains can act as opportunistic pathogens, causing a variety of infections such as urinary tract infections, bacteremia and infective endocarditis (Murray, 1990;Jett et al., 1994), and are of major importance in community-acquired and in hospital-acquired (nosocomial) infections (Jett et al., 1994;Low et al., 1994;Jones et al., 1997;Simjee & Gill, 1997). A contributing factor to their pathogenesis is their evolving resistance to antibiotics. For example, resistance to the antibiotic vancomycin is now widespread among members of the genus, which leaves few options for disease management (Aguirre & Collins, 1993;Knudtson & Hartman, 1993;Facklam & Sahm, 1995;Klein et al., 1998). Considerable progress has recently been made in determining the traits responsible for pathogenesis of enterococci.For example, studies have shown that phenotypes such as production of cytolysin, which has both haemolytic activity (by lysing a broad spectrum of cells, including human, horse and rabbit erythrocytes) and bactericidal activity (against Gram-positive bacteria) play a role in the progression of enterococcal infection (Ike et al., 1984;Jett et al., 1992). Cytolysin enhances the virulence of Enterococcus faecalis in animal models, such as muri...

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