Establishment of Nuclear Stock Collections for Apple and Pear in Latvia

Abstract

Apples and pears are among the most important commercial fruit species grown in Latvia. Because of suitability to local climatic conditions, mainly domestic cultivars and cultivars originating in neighbouring countries are grown. The planting material of pome fruits produced and used for establishment of new orchards in Latvia corresponds to the Conformitas Agraria Communitatis standard due to the unavailability of nuclear stock. To establish virus-tested, experimental nuclear stock for apple and pear, one to two years old candidate plants were exposed to thermotherapy at +38 °C for 40 to 70 days. The mother trees and candidate plants before treatment were tested for the presence of the four most widespread pome fruit viruses by RT-PCR. The shoot tips of the heat-treated plants were grafted onto seedling rootstocks and were re-tested for the four viruses by RT-PCR during the next three to five vegetation seasons. Several plants of apple cultivars ‘Dace’, ‘Zarja Alatau’, ‘Rubin’, and ‘Ausma’ remained infected either with Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus, Apple stem growing virus or Apple stem pitting virus after the thermotherapy. Tests on woody indicators were carried out to determine possible presence of graft-transmittable organisms according to EPPO guidelines for the establishment of nuclear stock material for pome fruits.

In vitro thermotherapy-based methods for plant virus eradication

“…There have been only a few studies using thermotherapy followed by micrografting for virus eradication [ 40 – 42 ]. Several studies that used in vivo system were not included in the present study [ 43 – 46 ]. Sharma et al [ 41 ] reported combining thermotherapy with micrografting for efficient eradication of Indian citrus ringspot virus (ICRSV) from the diseased plants of Kinnow ( Citrus nobilis × · Citrus deliciosa ).…”

“…Combining thermotherapy with micrografting was mainly applied to woody plants like citrus [ 38 – 43 ], apple [ 44 – 46 ] and pear [ 46 ], because shoot regeneration from shoot tip culture is difficult in these plants [ 12 ]. Some examples of successful eradication by combining thermotherapy with micrografting are listed in Table 3 .…”