Estereótipos de género e sexismo em docentes do ensino superior

Abstract

La socialización de género ocurre cotidianamente y marca de forma indeleble la identidad individual, así como la cultura de las organizaciones y de los grupos. La interacción entre discentes e docentes forma parte del proceso de socialización de género. De ese modo, diversas investigaciones muestran que la atención que se presta y las expectativas que los docentes tienen de los alumnos y las alumnas son diferentes. En esta investigación se buscó analizar y caracterizar a un grupo de docentes universitarios portugueses, mujeres y hombres, en cuanto a sus estereotipos de género y sexismo, con el objetivo de promover la reflexión del conjunto de agentes educativos involucrados. Los resultados obtenidos nos permiten concluir que esos y esas docentes poseen estereotipos de género, pero con algunas particularidades interesantes, como el hecho de que a las mujeres se les atribuye mayor carga de rasgos instrumentales. Igualmente, se verificó que el tipo de sexismo que predomina es el sexismo ambivalente, ya que los hombres presentan actitudes sexistas significativamente más hostiles que las mujeres.

Acceptance of ambivalent sexism in trainee teachers in Spain and Latin America countries

“…The results showed that sexist attitudes exist to varying degrees in all the countries, which shows that trainee teachers are not free of gender biases and stereotyped beliefs (Carretero & Nolasco, 2019;Cordón et al, 2019). Just as other studies have found that sexism still takes part of the discourses and practices of in-service teachers (Díaz & Anguita, 2017;Sales-Oliveira et al, 2016), research confirms that sexism is also present in future teachers, who will educate the new generations. Additionally, a qualitative study of trainee teachers found that these often encounter difficulties in detecting the existence of covert gender inequalities (Pinedo et al, 2018).…”

“…A study conducted with a sample of future teachers found that levels of hostile sexism were significantly higher in men than in women (Carretero & Nolasco, 2019). Likewise, a study with a sample of in-service teachers showed that women presented fewer hostile attitudes than men (Sales-Oliveira et al, 2016). The results pointed in the same direction.…”

“…The sexist attitudes of education agents can be one of the main barriers for the development of a feminist and egalitarian school (Bonilla-Algovia & Rivas-Rivero, 2019;Carretero & Nolasco, 2019;Cordón et al, 2019). Throughout their lives, teachers adopt some beliefs that may interfere with their behaviour in the classroom and with their relationship with students (Sales-Oliveira et al, 2016), so that stereotypical gender beliefs can influence teachers' perceptions, discourses and educational practices (Matheis et al, 2020).…”

“…Studies conducted in various countries have shown that in-service and trainee teachers hold gender stereotypes and sexist beliefs, are resistant to educational change and/or present deficits in their training (Bonilla-Algovia & Rivas-Rivero, 2019;Carretero & Nolasco, 2019;Cordón et al, 2019;Díaz & Anguita, 2017;Gullberg et al, 2018;Rebollo et al, 2011b;Sales-Oliveira et al, 2016), which shows the need and importance of incorporating gender issues in teacher training (Biemmi, 2015;Cushman, 2012;Gray & Leith, 2004;Rebollo et al, 2011a;Sáez-Rosenkranz et al, 2019;Sáenz del Castillo et al, 2019). Consequently, since education is one of the most suitable spaces to fight sexism and develop a fairer society, the analysis of the sexist attitudes of future teachers implies an examination of one of the hidden elements that can be conveyed in educational interactions but which do not form part of the official curriculum.…”

Medindo atitudes sexistas ambivalentes em relação às mulheres em instituições de ensino superior

“…Nesse sentido se tem o sexismo como "um conjunto de estereótipos sobre a avaliação cognitiva, afetiva e atitudinal acerca do papel apropriado na sociedade, dirigida aos indivíduos de acordo com o sexo" (FORMIGA et al, 2002, p. 105). Os estereótipos são formados por um conjunto de crenças estruturadas sobre as características dos integrantes de um determinado grupo, que causam danos ao promover o preconceito e a discriminação (PLOUS, 2003;SALES-OLIVEIRA;VILLAS-BOAS;LAS-HERAS, 2016).…”