Esterification of alcohols with acetic acid over zeolites Hβ, HY and HZSM5

Oxygen-Containing Fuels from High Acid Water Phase Pyrolysis Bio-Oils by ZSM−5 Catalysis: Kinetic and Mechanism Studies

“…Both rate constant and equilibrium constant were put back in Equation (4) to fit the concentrations and reaction rate. It was found that ZSM−5 catalyst had an average rate constant around 0.03 min-1 at the temperature range in the study, which is lower than the rate constant mentioned by Kirumakki et al [18] According to the plot, covariance of linearizes only reached 0.7 in the research.…”

“…This was also supported by Chu and his co-authors [17] conducting acetic acid esterification with 1 butanol. Besides, Kirumakki et al [18] research described no mass transfer limitation on the zeolite surface during the esterification process, indicating the process should follow single site Eley-Rideal mechanism.…”

“…Bedard et al [10] investigated the zeolite catalyst activities on esterification of acetic acid with ethanol at 60-120 °C, and observed over 90% of ester formation selectivity on all zeolite catalysts. Krumakki et al [18] worked on esterification of acetic acid with C3 and C4 alcohols using BEA, FAU and MFI zeolite at temperatures from 110 to 130 °C, and found that inhabitation was accompanied by increasing alcohol concentrations.…”

“…Although homogeneous catalysts have been well studied and commercially used, heterogeneous catalysts are still being researched for their better performances on reactant-product separation and catalyst recovery. Various solid catalysts have been applied on heterogeneous catalysis esterification, including silica-supported sulfuric acids [11][12][13], metal oxides [14][15][16], heteropolyacids [17], and zeolites [10,18,19]. Among all the solid catalysts, pentasil zeolite catalysts with framework type known as ZSM−5 and MFI draws much attention as it has been widely used on both catalytic cracking and esterification processes in commercial refinery already.…”

Application of Green Catalysts for the Esterification of Benzoic Acid with Different Alcohols

“…The traditional catalysts for esterification reactions are generally homogeneous catalysts [3][4][5], but these catalysts have several drawbacks; corrosion, separation from reaction mixture, side reactions and also environmental aspects. Instead of homogeneous catalysts, heterogeneous catalysts such as ion exchange resins [6], zeolites [7], supported heteropolyacids [8] have been used as acidic catalysts to accelerate the esterification reactions. However, many of these solid catalysts suffer from inherent drawbacks such as the need for expensive or harmful materials as reagents and catalysts, the formation of undesired side products, the use of hazardous and toxic solvents, the requirement of high reaction temperatures and prolonged reaction times, synthesis of low yield of products [9].…”