Esterification of High Free Fatty Acid Rice Bran Oil: Parametric and Kinetic Study

Arora, Rajiv; Toor, Amrit Pal; Wanchoo, R. K.

doi:10.15255/cabeq.2014.2117

Cited by 24 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…While the two-step esterification can reduce the initial FFA to less than 1% as reported by Kattimani et al (2014) and Lin et al (2009), this study showed the reduction in FFA below 1% in a single-step process. The amount of methanol used in present study is comparable to that reported by Arora et al (2016) even though the final FFA in their study was 1.8%. Also the amount of sulfuric acid used as catalysts ranged from 0.5 to 2% (w/w).…”

Section: Optimizationsupporting

confidence: 85%

“…It should be realized that more precise estimation of process variables is limited by the inherent errors in experimentation, especially when using titration method for FFA determination. Several studies have reported the optimum conditions for the esterification of high FFA CRBO (Zullaikah et al, 2005;Lin et al, 2009;Amin et al, 2012;Kattimani et al, 2014;Arora et al, 2016). A direct comparison of optimization conditions reported in literature with the results of present study is not possible in an objective way due to very wide variation in the experimental conditions.…”

Section: Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The suitability of enzymatic treatment for the reduction of high FFA in CRBO has been reported in some studies (Wang et al, 2017;Li et al, 2018). However, acid-catalyzed methanolic esterification of CRBO with high FFA has been widely reported in several studies for biodiesel production (Zullaikah et al, 2005;Lin et al, 2009;Amin et al, 2012;Kattimani et al, 2014;Arora et al, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Pretreatment of High Free Fatty Acid Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production

Thein¹,

Jindal²,

Jindal³

et al. 2019

Environ. Nat. Resour. J.

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This study investigated the acid-catalyzed esterification of two brands of crude rice bran oil (CRBO) with free fatty acids (FFAs) content of about 8 and 10%, respectively. Experimental variables included reaction time, methanol-to-FFA molar ratio and sulfuric acid content with temperature and stirring speed fixed at 60 °C and 600 RPM, respectively. A central composite design was used initially for sequential experimentation and followed by a Box-Behnken design to refine the optimum process conditions. Results showed that final FFA in CRBO could be reduced to less than 1% FFA in a single-step. The methanol-to-FFA molar ratio had the maximum influence on the esterification process and was followed by the reaction time and amount of catalyst. The optimum conditions for FFA conversion in CRBO were: reaction time 90 and 48 min, 62:1 and 70:1 methanolto-FFA molar ratio, 22.5 and 20% (w/w) sulfuric acid based on FFA for Brand I and II, respectively. Under these pretreatment conditions, initial FFA was reduced to 0.61 and 0.70%, respectively making the CRBO suitable for biodiesel production.

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Section: Optimizationsupporting

confidence: 85%

Section: Optimizationmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Pretreatment of High Free Fatty Acid Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production

Thein¹,

Jindal²,

Jindal³

et al. 2019

Environ. Nat. Resour. J.

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“…For this reason, a much wider range of catalyst concentration, between 6 and 14 mass%, was selected for the study whilst feeding methanol in excess (more than the stoichiometric amount). Arora et al (2015) in their study on the esterification of high free fatty acid rice bran oil found out that there was no significant increase in the FFA conversion when the methanol-to-oil ratio was increased beyond 20. In the current study, methanol was fed in a range of between 20 and 40:1 to rule it out as the contributing factor, should there be low or no conversion of FFA at the end of the reaction.…”

Section: Optimization Of the Esterification Process (Optima1)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Production of Biodiesel From Croton gratissimus Oil Using Sulfated Zirconia and KOH as Catalysts

2021

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Optimization studies for the esterification and transesterification of oil extracted from Croton gratissimus grains were carried out using the response surface methodology (RMS) that utilizes the central composite design (CCD) and the analysis of variance (ANOVA). A 23 full-factorial rotatable CCD for three independent variables at five levels was developed in each case, giving a total of 20 experiments needed per study. The three design factors chosen for study were the catalyst concentration, methanol-to-oil ratio, and the reaction temperature. The values of the acid value of oil (in esterification) and the percentage FAME yield and FAME purity (in transesterification) were taken as the responses of the designed experiments. In the optimization of the esterification and transesterification processes, the ANOVA showed that both quadratic regression models developed were significant. The optimum operating conditions for the esterification process that could give an optimum acid value of 2.693 mg KOH/g of oil were found to be 10.96 mass% SO42–/ZrO2 catalyst concentration, 27.60 methanol-to-oil ratio, and 64°C reaction temperature. In the optimization of the transesterification process, the model revealed that the catalyst concentration and the methanol-to-oil ratio were the terms that had the most influence on the % FAME yield and the % FAME purity of the final biodiesel product. From the combined regression model, it was established that optimum responses of the 84.51% FAME yield and 90.66% FAME purity could be achieved when operating the transesterification process at 1.439 mass% KOH catalyst concentration, 7.472 methanol-to-oil ratio, and at a temperature of 63.50°C. Furthermore, in the two-step biodiesel synthesis, a predominantly monoclinic-phased sulfated zirconia (SO42–/ZrO2) catalyst exhibited high activity in the esterification of high free fatty acid oil extracted from Croton gratissimus grains. A 91% reduction in the acid value of the Croton gratissimus oil from 21.46 mg KOH/g of oil to 2.006 mg KOH/g of oil, well below the 4 mg KOH/g of oil maximum limit, was achieved. This resulted in the high FAME yield and purity of the biodiesel produced in the subsequent catalytic transesterification of oil using KOH.

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“…Arora et al [10] have carried out esterification of free fatty acids (FFA) in rice bran oil with methanol in the presence of sulphuric acid as a homogeneous catalyst. The effects of catalyst concentration (0.15 to 1.0 wt%), reaction temperature (318 K to 333 K), and molar ratio of oil to methanol (1:5 to 1:30) on the conversion of FFA have been studied.…”

Section: H2so4 + So3 → H2s2o7 H2s2o7 + H2o → 2 H2so4mentioning

confidence: 99%

Homogeneous Catalysts used in Biodiesel Production: A Review

Ramya¹,

Ashok²,

Selvaraju³

et al. 2016

IJERT

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Catalysts play vital role in the conversion of FFA or feed stocks to respective esters at faster rate and in minimum reaction temperature. Different research groups have produced biodiesel through transesterification using methanol or ethanol along with catalysts of different kinds. These catalysts have been identified as homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts. Among these catalysts, homogeneous catalysts have been preferred by many researchers for the reason that more biodiesel can be produced relatively at faster rate. These homogeneous catalysts are available both in liquid and solid form at ambient conditions. On the basis of their physical and chemical properties and their ability to reactivity, the catalyst in liquid or solid phase is selected for either esterification or transesterification. This paper provides information on the homogeneous catalysts and their properties. Use of homogeneous catalysts by different research groups has also been reviewed.

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Esterification of High Free Fatty Acid Rice Bran Oil: Parametric and Kinetic Study

Cited by 24 publications

References 28 publications

Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Pretreatment of High Free Fatty Acid Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production

Acid-Catalyzed Esterification Pretreatment of High Free Fatty Acid Crude Rice Bran Oil for Biodiesel Production

Production of Biodiesel From Croton gratissimus Oil Using Sulfated Zirconia and KOH as Catalysts

Homogeneous Catalysts used in Biodiesel Production: A Review

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