Esterification of lauric acid with butanol over mesoporous materials

Magnetically recyclable nanocatalysts based on magnetite: an environmentally friendly and recyclable catalyst for esterification reactions

“…PTSA is an acid catalyst that present good conversion values for esterification reaction (Ma et al, 1999;Hayyan et al, 2010;Tabatabaei et al, 2015) and has been shown to offer higher catalytic activity compared with benzenesulfonic acid and sulfuric acid (Guan et al, 2009). Under the above-mentioned conditions, the conversion observed was 97%, similar to the results reported elsewhere for this reaction under different experimental conditions (Aafaqi et al, 2004;Hayyan et al, 2010;Barros et al, 2013;Tabatabaei et al, 2015). In spite of such a high value of conversion under acidic homogeneous conditions (homogeneous catalysis), acid catalysts generally present some inherent problems, e.g., higher cost (Hayyan et al, 2010) and being slower vs. basic catalyst in solution (Ma et al, 1999), corrosion, infeasible recovery/reuse, and the need for catalyst neutralization steps contributing to increased production of waste streams and consequent deterioration of the environmental aspects of the process (Paiva et al, 2015).…”

“…In fact, under the experimental conditions applied herein (i.e., solvothermal), the conversion obtained using this solid stood at 97.5%. Other studies have also reported on the application of this resin as catalyst for heterogeneous processes (Barros et al, 2013;Hykkerud et al, 2016). However, it should be noted that this resin presents poor thermal stability which could result in catalyst degradation and reduced activity after a single use depending on the experimental condition (Aafaqi et al, 2004;Hykkerud et al, 2016).…”

From Immobilization to Catalyst Use: A Complete Continuous‐Flow Approach Towards the Use of Immobilized Organocatalysts

“…The organocatalyst 5 was characterized by solution 13 C NMR, but for immobilized organocatalysts solid state NMR spectroscopy must be used to this task, and has been used routinely for the characterization of hybrid silica containing organocatalysts. [30][31][32] Figure 2 shows solid state 13 C cross-polarization magic angle spinning (CPMAS) spectra of commercial 3aminopropyl-functionalized silica and organocatalysts 6 a and 6 b.…”

A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts

“…It can be concluded that different types of stirrer were not affect the rate of reaction. As both of the stirrer showed the same performance, magnetic stirrer was chosen for further experimental work as it is suitable for the small scale reaction and can help to reduce the production cost [1,8,24,25].…”