Esterification of M. sagu bark as an adsorbent for removal of emulsified oil

Abstract

This article appeared in a journal published by Elsevier. The attached copy is furnished to the author for internal non-commercial research and education use, including for instruction at the authors institution and sharing with colleagues.Other uses, including reproduction and distribution, or selling or licensing copies, or posting to personal, institutional or third party websites are prohibited. Esterification is one of the widely used chemical modifications to increase oil removal efficiency of natural fibres [14,[17][18][19][20]. Many esterification studies on natural fibres via acetylation in the presence of acetic anhydride have been conducted [21]. The hydroxyl (-OH) group in rice, wheat, rye, barley straws, and poplar wood fibre has been successfully replaced with acetyl groups via acetylation [19] Acetylation of sugarcane bagasse with Nbromosuccinimide (NBS) as the catalyst affords oil sorption capacity of 13.5-20.2 g/g on machine oil [20]. Acetylated banana fibre gives high oil sorption capacity (18.12 g/g) for machine oil [18]. Acetylated cotton [2] and acetylated wheat straw [14] show the reduction of the -OH group and the appearance of the three ester bands associated with successful acetylation at 1740-1745 cm À1 (C5 5O stretching of ester), 1369 cm À1 (C-H in -O(C5 5O)-CH 3 ), and 1234 cm À1 (C-O stretching of acetyl group attributed to C5 5O). However, the drawback in using acetic anhydride is the formation of acetic acid as by-product. Acetic acid causes residual smell, loss in material strength due to acidic hydrolysis of holocelullose, and metal fastener corrosion [21]. An interesting alternative in esterification of natural fibres is using fatty acid derivatives with water as a by-product [17]. Banerjee et al. studied on the esterification of sawdust using oleic acid, stearic acid, and decanoic acid in hexane with H 2 SO 4 as the catalyst, at 65 8C Sago or Metroxylon sagu, harvested in Sarawak, Malaysia, is a low-cost, natural adsorbent. The sago bark (SB) from M. sagu was investigated for adsorptive removal of emulsified oil in palm oil mill effluent (POME). Hydrophobicity of this sorbent in aqueous state was improved via esterification process. The esterification of SB was conducted at ratio of sago bark to stearic acid (SA) by 1:1, 4:1, and 7:1; percentage catalyst of 5, 10, and 15; and refluxing time 1, 4.5, and 8 h; respectively. These parameters were analysed using full central composite design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). The adjusted R-squared value of 0.9509 showed that the regression model fit the data well. The predicted Rsquared value (0.9168) also indicated that the prediction of experimental data was satisfactory. Hydrophobicity test, FTIR, and SEM were carried out to characterise the esterified sago bark (ESB). Results showed that esterification process successfully increased the hydrophobicity of sago bark by 42.2% and oil removal efficiency in POME by 50.2%. A developed two-factor interaction (2FI) model showed that the preparation conditions of 1:1 SB:SA, 1...

Aplikasi teknik biosorpsi menggunakan biosorben kulit batang sagu, arang aktif kulit buah kakao dan cangkang langkitang untuk mengolah air limbah CPO

“…Susunan kolom ini didasarkan pada artikel dimana kulit batang sagu optimal dalam menyerap minyak (Wahi et al, 2014), arang aktif optimal untuk menyerap warna dan bau (Purnamawati and Utami, 2014;Yani, Nurcahyani and Rahayuningsih, 2014) sedangkan cangkang langkitang optimal dalam menaikan pH (Barus, Zein and Syukri, 2017). Penghilangan kandungan minyak ditujukan supaya kinerja biosorben berikutnya lebih optimal dan penempatan cangkang langkitang pada kolom ktiga karena diharapkan pH air didapatkan netral atau naik.…”

Coconut Shell Biochar for Removal of Cu(II) from Aqueous Solution

“…The second assumption is that all surfaces of adsorbents are identical and only can fit one adsorbed atom. The third assumption is the molecule to be adsorbed on a given site is independent of the adjacent molecules [22]. A straight line with slope (1/q max ) and intercept (1/K L q max ) could be obtained by plotting C e /q e versus C e [22].…”

“…The third assumption is the molecule to be adsorbed on a given site is independent of the adjacent molecules [22]. A straight line with slope (1/q max ) and intercept (1/K L q max ) could be obtained by plotting C e /q e versus C e [22]. Langmuir equation can be written in the following linear form: Freundlich isotherm is an empirical equation that is dependent on a heterogeneous surface [22].…”

“…A straight line with slope (1/q max ) and intercept (1/K L q max ) could be obtained by plotting C e /q e versus C e [22]. Langmuir equation can be written in the following linear form: Freundlich isotherm is an empirical equation that is dependent on a heterogeneous surface [22]. This isotherm can describe the adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds on various adsorbents [22].…”

“…Langmuir equation can be written in the following linear form: Freundlich isotherm is an empirical equation that is dependent on a heterogeneous surface [22]. This isotherm can describe the adsorption of organic and inorganic compounds on various adsorbents [22]. Freundlich isotherm can be expressed in the linear form [22] [22].…”