Estimated biological variation of the mature human milk fatty acid composition

Smit, Ella N.; Martini, Ia; Mulder, H.; Boersma, E. R.; Muskiet, Frits A. J.

doi:10.1054/plef.2002.0398

Cited by 64 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…For example, there has been an intense focus on its role in levels of n-3 and n-6 LC-PUFAs in human milk and cognitive development in children. [67-69] [70]. Lattka et al provide an excellent review of the contradictory nature of the literature on prenatal and neonatal maternal diet and/or supplementation regarding LC-PUFA [21] and its consequent effects on measures of intelligence in the child.…”

Section: The Wide Impact Of Fads Genetic Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake

2014

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Unequivocally, genetic variants within the fatty acid desaturase (FADS) cluster are determinants of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid (LC-PUFA) levels in circulation, cells and tissues. A recent series of papers have addressed these associations in the context of ancestry; evidence clearly supports that the associations are robust to ethnicity. However ∼80% of African Americans carry two copies of the alleles associated with increased levels of arachidonic acid, compared to only ∼45% of European Americans raising important questions of whether gene-PUFA interactions induced by a modern western diet are differentially driving the risk of diseases of inflammation in diverse populations, and are these interactions leading to health disparities. We highlight an important aspect thus far missing in the debate regarding dietary recommendations; we content that current evidence from genetics strongly suggest that an individual's, or at the very least the population from which an individual is sampled, genetic architecture must be factored into dietary recommendations currently in place.

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Section: The Wide Impact Of Fads Genetic Variantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake

2014

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“…There is evidence that the slowly turning-over maternal body pools of AA are the major source of milk AA (22), although this association may be modified by the consumption of AA-rich foods/supplements by lactating mothers (in addition to extra n-3 LCPUFAs), which has been demonstrated to dose-dependently increase AA concentrations in breast milk lipids (23). Breast milk EPA and DHA content constitute the highest variability of all FAs (24,25), and breast milk concentrations are closely linked to maternal dietary EPA and DHA intake (26). However, little is currently known concerning the role of circulating LCPUFAs in breast milk for adipose tissue growth in the offspring, and data from RCTs are particularly scarce.…”

Section: Milk Lcpufas and Infant Body Compositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Breast milk fatty acid profile in relation to infant growth and body composition: results from the INFAT study

et al. 2013

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Background: There is some evidence that the n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) ratio in early nutrition, and thus in breast milk, could influence infant body composition. Methods:In an open-label randomized controlled trial (RCT), 208 healthy pregnant women were allocated to a dietary intervention (supplementation with 1,200 mg n-3 LCPUFAs per day and instructions to reduce arachidonic acid (AA) intake) from the 15th wk of gestation until 4 mo of lactation or to follow their habitual diet. Breast milk LCPUFAs at 6 wk and 4 mo postpartum were related to infant body composition assessed by skinfold thickness (SFT) measurements and ultrasonography during the first year of life. results: Dietary intervention significantly reduced breast milk n-6/n-3 LCPUFAs ratio. In the whole sample, early breast milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and n-3 LCPUFAs at 6 wk postpartum were positively related to the sum of four SFT measurements at age 1. Breast milk AA and n-6 LCPUFAs at 6 wk postpartum were negatively associated with weight, BMI, and lean body mass (LBM) up to 4 mo postpartum. conclusion: Breast milk n-3 LCPUFAs appear to stimulate fat mass growth over the first year of life, whereas AA seems to be involved in the regulation of overall growth, especially in the early postpartum period. t he amount of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in human breast milk is subject to maternal nutrition and further modified by maternal adipose tissue stores (1), gestational age and stage of lactation (2,3), and the individual's genetic constitution (variants in the FADS1/2 gene cluster) (4,5). There is an ongoing debate about whether the amount of n-3 LCPUFAs, and particularly the proportions of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA,, provided to the developing infant during the breastfeeding period may result in functional differences of health outcomes in the offspring.As recently reviewed, there is insufficient evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to support or refute the practice of giving n-3 LCPUFA supplementation ("fish oil") to breastfeeding mothers to improve infant growth, children's neurodevelopment, visual acuity, or allergy risk (6).An upcoming question in the context of fetal programming of later disease susceptibility is whether the balance between the n-6 and n-3 LCPUFAs in early nutrition, and thus in breast milk, could play a role in childhood obesity (7). Although prenatal and/or postnatal n-3 LCPUFA supplementation has been shown to reduce obesity in rodents (8,9), although not consistently proven (10,11), evidence in humans is limited and restricted to a few post hoc studies using in large part inadequate methods to assess infant fat mass (12).The INFAT (The Impact of Nutritional Fatty acids during pregnancy and lactation for early human Adipose Tissue development) study addresses the question as to whether lowering the n-6/n-3 long-chain fatty acid (FA) ratio in the diet of pregnant and breastfeeding women may reduce adipose tissue growth early ...

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“…The level of AA is relatively constant on a worldwide basis, while the level of DHA is more variable and depends on maternal diet and lifestyle [Agostoni et al, 1998Marangoni et al, 2002;Smit et al, 2002;Yuhas et al, 2006]. Population means of AA in human milk range between 0.3-0.7 weight percent of total fatty acids [Marangoni et al, 2002;Smit et al, 2002;Yuhas et al, 2006], while means of DHA range from 0.2 to 1.0% of total fatty acids [Yuhas et al, 2006]. Lactating women supplemented with DHA have an increase in milk DHA levels [Fidler et al, 2000;Jensen et al, 2005].…”

Section: Comparison Of the 1994 Recommendations And The Proposed 2008mentioning

confidence: 99%

Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements and Recommendations for Infants of 0–2 Years and Children of 2–18 Years

2009

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Estimated biological variation of the mature human milk fatty acid composition

Cited by 64 publications

References 37 publications

Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake

Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake

Breast milk fatty acid profile in relation to infant growth and body composition: results from the INFAT study

Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements and Recommendations for Infants of 0–2 Years and Children of 2–18 Years

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Estimated biological variation of the mature human milk fatty acid composition

Cited by 64 publications

References 37 publications

Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake

Genetic Variants in the FADS Gene: Implications for Dietary Recommendations for Fatty Acid Intake

Breast milk fatty acid profile in relation to infant growth and body composition: results from the INFAT study

Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements and Recommendations for Infants of 0&ndash;2 Years and Children of 2&ndash;18 Years

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Fat and Fatty Acid Requirements and Recommendations for Infants of 0–2 Years and Children of 2–18 Years