Estimated inequities in COVID-19 infection fatality rates by ethnicity for Aotearoa New Zealand

Steyn, Nicholas; Binny, Rachelle N.; Hannah, Kate; Hendy, Shaun C.; James, Alex; Kukutai, Tahu; Lustig, Audrey; McLeod, Melissa; Plank, Michael J.; Ridings, Kannan; Sporle, Andrew

doi:10.1101/2020.04.20.20073437

Cited by 59 publications

(77 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…This is comparable to our results (although changes in the infection fatality rate are not identical to changes in odds, they are close at small probabilities). These differences in age-specific risk are broadly consistent with earlier estimates of inequities in the COVID-19 infection fatality rate 6 . Furthermore, Māori and Pacific people are more likely to have underlying health conditions, which puts them at even higher risk of hospitalisation.…”

Section: Risk Of Fatalitysupporting

confidence: 88%

“…During the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic, the rate of infection for Māori was twice that of Pākehā, with increased severity 7 . Our recent research estimated similar inequities would occur in the infection fatality rate for COVID-19 6 . New Zealand's effective public health response to the pandemic has so far limited the number of COVID-19 fatalities to 25 8 , which corresponds to a fatality rate of 5 deaths per million people.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

“…We have previously estimated that Māori and Pacific people would experience higher infection fatality rates from COVID-19 6…”

Section: Risk Of Fatalitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Māori and Pacific People in New Zealand have higher risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19

Steyn

Binny²,

Hannah

et al. 2020

Preprint

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AimsWe aim to quantify differences in clinical outcomes from COVID-19 infection by ethnicity with a focus on risk of hospitalisation.MethodsWe used data on age, ethnicity, deprivation index, pre-existing health conditions, and clinical outcomes on 1,829 COVID-19 cases reported in New Zealand. We used a logistic regression model to calculate odds ratios for the risk of hospitalisation by ethnicity. We also consider length of hospital stay and risk of fatality.ResultsMāori have 2.5 times greater odds of hospitalisation than non-Māori, non-Pacific people, after controlling for age and pre-existing conditions. Similarly, Pacific people have 3 times greater odds.ConclusionsStructural inequities and systemic racism in the healthcare system mean that Māori and Pacific communities face a much greater health burden from COVID-19. Older people and those with pre-existing health conditions are also at greater risk. This should inform future policy decisions including prioritising groups for vaccination.

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Section: Risk Of Fatalitysupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 68%

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Māori and Pacific People in New Zealand have higher risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19

Steyn

Binny²,

Hannah

et al. 2020

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…This is probably due to reduced healthcare access for vulnerable groups [29]. For influenza, ethnic minorities have the highest estimated fatality rate, most likely due to their social determinants of health, social inequalities and reduced access to health care, especially in rural areas [30,31].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological, socio-demographic and clinical features of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ecuador

et al. 2021

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The SARS-CoV-2 virus has spread rapidly around the globe. Nevertheless, there is limited information describing the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 patients in Latin America. We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 9,468 confirmed COVID-19 cases reported in Ecuador. We calculated overall incidence, mortality, case fatality rates, disability adjusted life years, attack and crude mortality rates, as well as relative risk and relative odds of death, adjusted for age, sex and presence of comorbidities. A total of 9,468 positive COVID-19 cases and 474 deaths were included in the analysis. Men accounted for 55.4% (n = 5, 247) of cases and women for 44.6% (n = 4, 221). We found the presence of comorbidities, being male and older than 65 years were important determinants of mortality. Coastal regions were most affected by COVID-19, with higher mortality rates than the highlands. Fatigue was reported in 53.2% of the patients, followed by headache (43%), dry cough (41.7%), ageusia (37.1%) and anosmia (36.1%). We present an analysis of the burden of COVID-19 in Ecuador. Our findings show that men are at higher risk of dying from COVID-19 than women, and risk increases with age and the presence of comorbidities. We also found that blue-collar workers and the unemployed are at greater risk of dying. These early observations offer clinical insights for the medical community to help improve patient care and for public health officials to strengthen Ecuador’s response to the outbreak.

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“…The mortality impact of COVID-19 is higher than many other disease [2]. The standardized metrics such as disability adjusted life years (DALY) and years lost due to disability (YLD) are suggested to infer infection fatality by age [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of COVID-19 Attributable Deaths on Longevity, Premature Mortality and DALY: Estimates of USA, Italy, Sweden and Germany

Mohanty

Dubey²,

Mishra

et al. 2020

Preprint

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In a short span of four months, the COVID-19 pandemic has added over 0.4 million deaths worldwide, which are untimely, premature and unwarranted. The USA, Italy, Germany and Sweden are four worst affected countries, accounting to over 40% of COVID-19 attributable deaths on longevity, years of potential life lost (YPLL) and disability adjusted life years (DALY) in USA, Italy, Germay and Sweden. Data from United Nation Population Projection, Statista and Centre for disease control and prevention were used in the analyses. Life expectancy, YPLL and DALY were estimated under four scenarios; no COVID-19 deaths, actual number of COVID-19 deaths as of 22nd May, 2020 and anticipating COVID-19 death share of 6% and 10% , respectively. The COVID-19 attributable deaths have lowered the life expectancy by 0.4 year each in USA and Sweden, o.5 year in Italy and 0.1 year in Germany. The loss of YPLL was 1.5, 0.5, 0.1 and 0.5 million in USA, Italy, Germany and Sweden. Comapression in life expectancy and increase in YPLL and DALY may intensify further if death continues to soar. COVID-19 has a marked impact on mortality. Reduction in longevity, premature mortality and loss of DALY is higher among elderly. Key Words: COVID-19, Mortality, life expectancy, Italy, USA, Germany, Sweden

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Estimated inequities in COVID-19 infection fatality rates by ethnicity for Aotearoa New Zealand

Cited by 59 publications

References 10 publications

Māori and Pacific People in New Zealand have higher risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19

Māori and Pacific People in New Zealand have higher risk of hospitalisation for COVID-19

Epidemiological, socio-demographic and clinical features of the early phase of the COVID-19 epidemic in Ecuador

Impact of COVID-19 Attributable Deaths on Longevity, Premature Mortality and DALY: Estimates of USA, Italy, Sweden and Germany

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