Estimated Intakes of Trans Fatty and Other Fatty Acids in the US Population

Allison, David B.; Egan, S. K.; Barraj, Leila M.; Caughman, Clifford R.; Infante, Ming C.; Heimbach, James T.

doi:10.1016/s0002-8223(99)00041-3

Cited by 228 publications

(156 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…In the first half of the 20th century, various forms of partially hydrogenated vegetable oils replaced a substantial proportion of the lard and butter used in homes and commercial applications in many industrialized nations. By the early 1990s, TFA consumption was approximately 2.6%E in the US (about 7.4% of all dietary fat) (Allison et al, 1999). Similar intakes during this time were reported in the UK, Sweden and Germany (Akesson et al, 1981).While this increase in TFA consumption correlated with increased rates of MI (Neubauer et al, 2006), the many other changes in diet and lifestyle that occurred during this period preclude conclusions from these time-trends regarding the specific effects of TFA.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence

2009

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Background/Objectives: Growing evidence indicates that trans-fatty acids (TFA) adversely affect cardiovascular health. As part of the World Health Organization (WHO) Scientific Update on TFA, we reviewed the evidence for effects of TFA consumption on coronary heart disease (CHD). Subjects/Methods: We searched Medline publications examining TFA consumption and CHD risk factors or outcomes, emphasizing results of studies in humans. We evaluated and synthesized evidence from both controlled feeding trials evaluating risk factors and long-term observational studies evaluating risk factors or clinical outcomes, each of which have complementary strengths and limitations, to enable the most robust and reliable inferences of effects. Results: The effects of TFA consumption on risk factors most consistently seen in both controlled trials and observational studies included adverse lipid effects (for example mlow-density lipoprotein cholesterol, khigh-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), mtotal/HDL-C ratio), proinflammatory effects (for example mtumor necrosis factor-a activity, minterleukin-6, mC-reactive protein) and endothelial dysfunction. These effects were most prominent in comparison with cis unsaturated fats; adverse effects on total/HDL-C and endothelial function were also seen in comparison with saturated fatty acids (SFA). TFA may also worsen insulin sensitivity, particularly among individuals predisposed to insulin resistance; possible effects on weight gain and diabetes incidence require further confirmation. Five retrospective case-control studies and four prospective cohort studies demonstrated positive associations between TFA consumption and CHD events. A meta-analysis of prospective studies indicated 24, 20, 27 and 32% higher risk of myocardial infarction (MI) or CHD death for every 2% energy of TFA consumption isocalorically replacing carbohydrate, SFA, cis monounsaturated fatty acids and cis polyunsaturated fatty acids, respectively. The differential effects of specific TFA isomers may be important but are less well established. The available evidence indicates that trans-18:1 and particularly trans-18:2 isomers have stronger CHD effects than trans-16:1 isomers. The limited data suggest that the experimental effects of ruminant and industrial TFA are similar when consumed in similar quantities, but very few persons consume such high levels of ruminant TFA, and observational studies do not support adverse CHD effects of ruminant TFA in amounts actually consumed. Conclusions: Controlled trials and observational studies provide concordant evidence that consumption of TFA from partially hydrogenated oils adversely affects multiple cardiovascular risk factors and contributes significantly to increased risk of CHD events. The public health implications of ruminant TFA consumption appear much more limited. The effects of specific TFA isomers require further investigation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 52%

Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence

2009

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“…Regarding this particular group of women, in the four study zones fish and seafood consumption alone provide Fish and seafood consumption and omega 3 intake in French coastal populations: CALIPSO survey average intakes largely exceeding the RDI of DHA and LC PUFA for adult females (400 mg LC PUFA of which 100 mg is DHA) and pregnant women (1000 mg LC PUFA of which 250 mg is DHA). The intakes of n-3 LC PUFA and especially EPA and DHA are also much higher than that of the American population, which do not exceed 200 or 300 mg EPA and DHA per day (28)(29)(30) .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Fish and seafood consumption and omega 3 intake in French coastal populations: CALIPSO survey

Bemrah

Sirot

Leblanc

et al. 2009

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To describe part of the results of the CALIPSO study, i.e. to provide seafood consumption data on high seafood consumers in France and its contribution to n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA intake. Design and subjects: A total of 1011 individuals aged 18 years and over, who consumed fish and seafood at least twice weekly, were recruited. A consumption survey and a local 'total diet study' were performed to examine seafood consumption, fatty acids composition of seafood and to assess n-3 LC PUFA intake. Setting: The CALIPSO survey was conducted in four French coastal regions (Le Havre, Lorient, La Rochelle and Toulon). Methods: The subjects were questioned about their consumption habits, especially concerning fish and seafood, through a first validated FFQ. A sample of the most consumed seafood products (n 47) was analysed for each region for its fatty acid composition. Fatty acids and especially n-3 LC PUFA intakes in this population were then calculated. Results and conclusions: The average consumption of fresh and frozen fish was found to be 633, 636?5 and 787?8 g/week among men aged 18-64 years, women aged 18-64 years and people over 65 years, respectively. In these population groups, the consumption of crustaceans and molluscs was 270?3, 259?9 and 279?3 g/week, respectively. The results show that, irrespective of the age group and gender, consumption of fish and seafood twice weekly without excluding oily fish allowed people to reach the national and international recommended n-3 LC PUFA intakes and demonstrates the validity of the French recommendations for fish consumption. KeywordsFish Seafood Consumption Fatty acids Omega 3For many years seafood, i.e. fish, molluscs and crustaceans, has often been the focus of attention in nutritional research and recommendations. These products are considered to be an important source of iodine, vitamin D, proteins and fatty acids, especially the n-3 long-chain (LC) PUFA, although only half the French population follows the recommendation of the French National Nutritional-Health Programme to consume fish at least twice a week (1) . The protective role of n-3 PUFA has been demonstrated in primary prevention and, above all, secondary prevention of CVD. n-3 LC PUFA might help to reduce mortality from CVD, though not morbidity (2,3) . n-3 LC PUFA supplements might help to reduce cardiovascular risks by lowering the risk of sudden death of people with a history of cardiovascular problems (4) . Dietary n-3 LC PUFA and n-3 LC PUFA supplements have been demonstrated to be linked with n-3 LC PUFA concentrations in blood, plasma, tissues or human milk, being responsible for beneficial effects on visual and mental health and neurodevelopment (5,6) .Nevertheless, at present, the respective mechanism of action of each of EPA and DHA is debatable. As described in the Symposium 'n-3 fatty acids: recommendations for therapeutics and prevention' convened by the Institute for Human Nutrition of Columbia University on 21 May 2005 (7) , confusion exists about the recommendations ...

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“…Hydrogenated fats are widely used in food products as a substitute for saturated fats (eg margarines, shortenings and frying fats). Estimates of intake during recent decades have varied between 2.6 and 12.8 gaday in the USA and between 2.0 and 17.4 gaday in Europe (Precht & Molkentin, 1995;Becker, 1996;Special Task Force, 1996;Allison et al, 1999), with the lowest estimates obtained from food frequency questionnaires.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Association between trans fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk factors in Europe: the TRANSFAIR study

et al. 2000

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Background: High intakes of trans fatty acids (TFA) have been found to exert an undesirable effect on serum lipid pro®les, and thus may increase the risk for cardiovascular disease. Objective: Investigation of the association between TFA intake and serum lipids. Design: Cross-sectional study in eight European countries (Finland, France, Greece, Iceland, The Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden) among 327 men and 299 women (50 ± 65 y). Using a dietary history method, food consumption was assessed and TFA intake was calculated with recent ®gures on TFA levels of foods, collected in the TRANSFAIR study. Results: Mean ( AE s.d.) TFA intake was 2.40 AE 1.53 gaday for men and 1.98 AE 1.49 gaday for women (0.87 AE 0.48% and 0.95 AE 0.55% of energy, respectively), with the highest consumption in Iceland and the lowest in the Mediterranean countries. No associations were found between total TFA intake and LDL, HDL or LDLaHDL ratio after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors. Additional adjustment for other fatty acid clusters resulted in a signi®cant inverse trend between total TFA intake and total cholesterol (P trend`0 .03).The most abundantly occurring TFA isomer, C18:1 t, contributed substantially to this inverse association. The TFA isomers C14:1 t9, C16:1 t9 and C22:1 t were not associated or were positively associated with LDL or total cholesterol. Conclusions: From this study we conclude that at the current European intake levels of trans fatty acids they are not associated with an unfavourable serum lipid pro®le.

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Estimated Intakes of Trans Fatty and Other Fatty Acids in the US Population

Cited by 228 publications

References 34 publications

Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence

Health effects of trans-fatty acids: experimental and observational evidence

Fish and seafood consumption and omega 3 intake in French coastal populations: CALIPSO survey

Association between trans fatty acid intake and cardiovascular risk factors in Europe: the TRANSFAIR study

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