Estimated Maternal Ultraviolet B Exposure Levels in Pregnancy Influence Skeletal Development of the Child

Sayers, Adrian; Tobias, Jonathan H.

doi:10.1097/01.ogx.0000351680.70177.4d

Cited by 32 publications

(54 citation statements)

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“…The contrary nature of our findings of a negative association between maternal 25OHD in early pregnancy and offspring birthweight to those of other studies may be due, in part, to the nature of our cohort, in which there was a high prevalence of macrosomia. Our finding that late pregnancy 25OHD was not significantly associated with birthweight is similar to the study by Gale et al of a cohort from Southampton which found no association between maternal 25OHD in late pregnancy and birthweight, and to another study by Sayers and Tobias which found that maternal UVB exposure in late pregnancy was not significantly associated with birthweight [23,44].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…A study by Morales et al of early pregnancy 25OHD likewise found no association [15]. Previous studies have also reported positive associations between birth length and maternal 25OHD levels in pregnancy [17] and with maternal UVB exposure [43,44]. Fewer studies have examined the longer-term associations of maternal or neonatal 25OHD and offspring length.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…Whereas, Eckhardt et al found that BMI-for-age z-score and weightfor-age z-score at 4 months and 1 year of age were not significantly associated with maternal vitamin D deficiency at 20 weeks gestation [17]. A study of 9.9 year old offspring found that maternal UVB exposure in late pregnancy was positively associated with offspring fat mass and weight [44]. An earlier study found that obesity at age 59-73 years was positively associated with winter pregnancies in men with a trend towards the same association in women [16].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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An examination of whether associations exist between maternal and neonatal 25OHD and infant size and adiposity at birth, 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years of age – a longitudinal observational study from the ROLO study

Horan¹,

Donnelly²,

McKenna³

et al. 2017

BMC Nutr

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

See 1 more Smart Citation

An examination of whether associations exist between maternal and neonatal 25OHD and infant size and adiposity at birth, 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years of age – a longitudinal observational study from the ROLO study

Horan¹,

Donnelly²,

McKenna³

et al. 2017

BMC Nutr

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“…Lawlor et al (363) had almost eight times the number of women with 25-hydroxyvitamin D below 27.5 nM (220 vs. 28 mothers) and should have had greater power to detect an association. But the contradictions continue, because Lawlor's colleagues originally reported from the same database that estimated maternal UVB exposure in the third trimester of pregnancy in 6,995 mother-offspring pairs positively predicted offspring bone mass at age 9 years as assessed by DXA (593). The difference between the two studies by Lawlor and colleagues may be that estimated UVB exposure is a less accurate variable than the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D. Overall, it is challenging to conclude anything at present from these contradictory studies, which could be reporting chance associations rather than indications of causal links.…”

Section: Associational Studiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Development and Mineral Homeostasis in the Fetus and Neonate: Roles of the Calciotropic and Phosphotropic Hormones

Kovacs

2014

Physiological Reviews

211

188

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Mineral and bone metabolism are regulated differently in utero compared with the adult. The fetal kidneys, intestines, and skeleton are not dominant sources of mineral supply for the fetus. Instead, the placenta meets the fetal need for mineral by actively transporting calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium from the maternal circulation. These minerals are maintained in the fetal circulation at higher concentrations than in the mother and normal adult, and such high levels appear necessary for the developing skeleton to accrete a normal amount of mineral by term. Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitriol circulate at low concentrations in the fetal circulation. Fetal bone development and the regulation of serum minerals are critically dependent on PTH and PTH-related protein, but not vitamin D/calcitriol, fibroblast growth factor-23, calcitonin, or the sex steroids. After birth, the serum calcium falls and phosphorus rises before gradually reaching adult values over the subsequent 24 -48 h. The intestines are the main source of mineral for the neonate, while the kidneys reabsorb mineral, and bone turnover contributes mineral to the circulation. This switch in the regulation of mineral homeostasis is triggered by loss of the placenta and a postnatal fall in serum calcium, and is followed in sequence by a rise in PTH and then an increase in calcitriol. Intestinal calcium absorption is initially a passive process facilitated by lactose, but later becomes active and calcitriol-dependent. However, calcitriol's role can be bypassed by increasing the calcium content of the diet, or by parenteral administration of calcium.

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“…studies found associations between maternal 25-OHD concentrations and birth weight or length (23)(24)(25) .…”

Section: Effects Of Maternal Vitamin D Deficiency On Fetal Growth Andmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does vitamin D during pregnancy impact offspring growth and bone?

Specker

2011

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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During pregnancy, maternal and fetal Ca demands are met through increased intestinal Ca absorption. Increased Ca absorption may be more dependent on oestrogen's up-regulation of Ca transport genes than on vitamin D status. Numerous studies, however, have found that severe vitamin D deficiency with secondary hyperparathyroidism during pregnancy leads to abnormal Ca homoeostasis in the neonate. Some, but not all, studies of maternal vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy find a greater birth weight among infants of mothers with adequate vitamin D status. Observational studies find a higher incidence of small-for-gestational age (SGA) infants among mothers who are vitamin D deficient, but this effect may be modified by genetics. In addition, the effect of vitamin D status on SGA may not be linear, with increased occurrence of SGA at high maternal 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) concentrations. Some studies, but not all, also have found that maternal vitamin D status is associated with growth trajectory during the first year of life, although the findings are contradictory. There are recent studies that suggest maternal 25-OHD, or surrogates of vitamin D status, are associated with growth and bone mass later in childhood. These results are not consistent, and blinded randomised trials of vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy with long-term follow-up are needed to determine the benefits, and possible risks, of maternal vitamin D status on offspring growth and bone development. The possibility of adverse outcomes with higher maternal 25-OHD concentrations should be considered and investigated in all ongoing and future studies. (2) . The increase in 1,25-(OH) 2 D concentrations is accompanied by an increase in intestinal Ca absorption, and fractional Ca absorption is approximately 50-60 % greater than pre-pregnant levels during the second and third trimesters (3,4) . The increased Ca absorption is thought to be the reason for the hypercalciuria that is observed during pregnancy. Some investigators have suggested that Ca absorption during pregnancy is not dependent on vitamin D, since intestinal Ca transport genes are up regulated by oestrogens, which are increased SGA, small-for-gestational age; UVB, ultraviolet B.

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Estimated Maternal Ultraviolet B Exposure Levels in Pregnancy Influence Skeletal Development of the Child

Cited by 32 publications

References 0 publications

An examination of whether associations exist between maternal and neonatal 25OHD and infant size and adiposity at birth, 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years of age – a longitudinal observational study from the ROLO study

An examination of whether associations exist between maternal and neonatal 25OHD and infant size and adiposity at birth, 6–9 months and 2–2.5 years of age – a longitudinal observational study from the ROLO study

Bone Development and Mineral Homeostasis in the Fetus and Neonate: Roles of the Calciotropic and Phosphotropic Hormones

Does vitamin D during pregnancy impact offspring growth and bone?

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