Estimating CO2 Emissions in a Container Port based on Modality Movement in the Terminal Area

Abstract

The port sector has played an important role in global trade, with ports acting as a transportation chain-ring in environmental-social performance improvement. The usage of sea transportation means has spread across the world. Starting with the Kyoto Protocol for ships, the environmentally friendly trend has encompassed the port sector. However, it is difficult to find a model with the same characteristics as those of the ports as the models. The models can be used to compare operational performance regarding carbon dioxide (CO2) emission production. This research aimed to estimate CO2 emissions at container ports to portray how a port deals with its operational matters, using models suitable for ideal circumstances based on available equipment. This calculative system applies a bottom-up calculation of the work activities at a port, treating the amount of fuel consumption not as an input variable, but as the result of the calculation itself. The input variables include throughput, transshipment process, transportation modality, and terminal layout. The results show that several equipment operational activities can be optimized by comparing the calculation results for actual CO2 emissions. It was found that each twenty-foot equivalent unit produced as much as 11.27 kg of CO2 emissions at the Belawan International Container Terminal in Medan, Indonesia. This research has considerable potential use for ports, showing how to calculate CO2 emissions at a port under ideal circumstances, that models in use can be adapted to any port characteristics, and that the data serving as the input variables are not difficult to obtain.

Estimation of land-based emissions during container terminal operations in the Ambarlı Port, Turkey

“…In the literature, the CO 2 emission value from CHE diesel-powered was estimated to be 0.01127 tCO 2 /TEU for Belawan ICT, Indonesia and 0.00822 tCO 2 /TEU for the Port of Valencia, Spain. 35,36 In another study for the six sea terminals in the Netherlands, this value was estimated between 0.00525 and 0.01490 tCO 2 /TEU. 34 In this study, the annual CO 2 value per TEU was estimated to be 0.00525 tons for the RST terminal and 0.00933 tons for the ECT Delta terminal, which they were terminals having the lowest emissions among these six sea terminals.…”

“…The results show that the rubber-tired gantry cranes (RTGs) and the yard tractors are the main sources of emissions. Finally, another study calculating CO 2 value per TEU has been reported by Budiyanto et al 36 Based on modality movement in the terminal area and using a ''bottom-up'' methodology, they estimated CHE's CO 2 emissions at the Belawan International Container Terminal (ITC) in Medan, Indonesia.…”

Evaluation of CO2 emissions and energy use with different container terminal layouts

“…Energy consumption patterns of each container-handling equipments. *This variable was estimated according to previous research 24,41,42 . in which W x = The amount of CO 2 emissions weight generated at terminal x, V i j = The annual diesel use in litres by equipment i in modality j, f D = The factor of emission in kg of CO 2 emissions per a litre of diesel (= 2,65), P i j = The annual power use in kWh by equipment i in modality j, f E = The factor of emission in kg of CO 2 emission per kWh (= 0.832), n (i,j) = The amount of trips of equipment i in modality j, C (i,j) = The steady consumption (e.g.…”

Ship Energy Efficiency Management Plan Development Using Machine Learning: Case Study of CO2 Emissions of Ship Activities at Container Port

“…Reducing energy consumption has direct impacts on emissions, minimizes the environmental effect, and reduces operational costs. CO2 emissions require reduction to improve port air quality, making emissions factor descriptions necessary (Budiyanto et al, 2019). Unfortunately, research regarding efforts to save energy consumption in the container terminal area is still rarely conducted (Budiyanto and Shinoda, 2020).…”