Estimating Costs and Potential for Reduction of Ammonia Emissions from Agriculture in the GAINS Model

Societal benefits of halving agricultural ammonia emissions in China far exceed the abatement costs

“…Abatement cost of NH 3 emissions in this study is defined as direct expenditures (the sum of investment costs and operation costs) for implementation of measures to reduce NH 3 emissions from agriculture, while the possible public costs (e.g., subsidy to promote the control policy) are not considered. Here, we mainly refer to the methodology of cost assessment from the GAINS model 55 to calculate the abatement costs of implementing various NH 3 mitigation measures. China-specific commodity prices were collected mainly from the China Agricultural Products Cost-Benefit Yearbook (2000-2018) 26 , European cost data were adopted by conversion at market exchange rates where data supply is insufficient.…”

Reducing Ammonia Emissions from Dairy Cattle Production via Cost-Effective Manure Management Techniques in China

“…In the present study, estimation of NH 3 emissions and reduction potential from dairy production in China were considered along the whole manure management chain including grazing, housing, storage, treatment, and application. Total NH 3 emissions from dairy production were the sum of NH 3 emissions from all stages of the manure management chain, coupled with NH 3 reduction efficiencies of the abatement options under different mitigation scenarios, using the GAINS model. , The calculations used the following equation, where E NH 3 represents the total ammonia emission from dairy production; r is the specific province; y is the specific year; m is the mitigation technique; s is the emission stage (five stages including grazing, housing, storage, treatment, and application); L is the animal population; ef is the ammonia emission factor; and η is the reduction efficiency of the specific mitigation technique. Ammonia emission factors were calculated using N excretion and volatilization rates at distinct stages, accounting for N-losses involving NH 3 , N 2 O, N 2 , and NO 3 – emissions at previous stages.…”

“…Total NH 3 emissions from dairy production were the sum of NH 3 emissions from all stages of the manure management chain, coupled with NH 3 reduction efficiencies of the abatement options under different mitigation scenarios, using the GAINS model. 22,23 The calculations used the following equation, 25 ∑ ∑∑…”

Nordic nitrogen and agriculture

“…the GAINS model (Klimont and Winiwarter, 2015), and the FarmAC/Farm-N models are examples of tools to evaluate combined effects . The TargetEconN model developed for the Limfjords and Odense catchments in Denmark and the BALTCOST model for the Baltic sea (Hasler et al, 2014, applied for both N, P andGHG in Nainggolan et al, 2015) are also such examples.…”

“…One tool to assess different emission reduction scenarios is the GAINS (Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies) model, developed by the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA). The GAINS tool is applied to conduct integrated assessment model analysis in support of the Gothenburg Protocol (Klimont & Winiwarter, 2015). The model estimates emissions of 10 air pollutants (e.g.…”