“…In particular, anthropogenic landscape changes increase spillover risk by: (i) altering the abundance and distribution of wildlife hosts, with highly modified areas potentially attracting a greater abundance of known reservoir hosts of zoonoses (e.g., rodents and some bat species), (ii) promoting stress-induced shedding and host susceptibility, and (iii) increasing contact rates among domestic animals, wildlife, and humans [1,2,11,22,47]. While interspecific contacts are difficult to quantify in the wild, advances in animal tracking [48], data sharing platforms (e.g., Movebank), and quantitative methods [49] can refine our predictions of animal encounters, so additional monitoring can be directed to highrisk locations. However, given the difficulty of identifying and tracking the multitude of potential hosts, future applications of spatial ecology to understanding and preventing cross-species transmission may focus increasingly on resilience, rather than risk, within landscapes.…”