Estimating the energetic cost of feeding excess dietary nitrogen to dairy cows

Reed, K.F.; Bonfá, Hugo Colombarolli; Dijkstra, J.; Casper, D. P.; Kebreab, E.

doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12584

Cited by 45 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Increased urinary excretion of excess N can also contribute to a negative coefficient for D-value. Recently, Reed, Bonfá, Dijkstra, Casper, and Kebreab (2017) estimated from respiration chamber data that heat production increases by 17-32 kJ per 1 g excess N.…”

Section: Effect Of Grass Maturity Stage On Milk Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling feed intake and milk yield responses to different grass ley harvesting strategies

Pang

Krizsan

Sairanen

et al. 2019

Grass and Forage Science

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A meta‐analysis of feeding trials using grass silages was conducted to predict production responses for dairy cows fed grass silage. They were divided into two subsets: 69 diets from 11 studies were used for comparison of silages made from primary growth and regrowth grass (harvesting subset), and another 157 diets from 24 studies were used for comparison of digestibility influenced by the maturity of grass ensiled (D‐value, digestible organic matter in dry matter) (maturity subset). The minimum prerequisite for an experiment to be included in the data set was that milk production, feed intake, silage characteristics and concentrate ingredients were reported. Both subsets were analysed using the mixed model procedures of SAS. The mean response in dry‐matter intake (DMI) and silage DMI to improved silage D‐value was 0.0175 and 0.0161 kg per unit D‐value (g/kg DM) respectively. The average increase in milk and energy‐corrected milk yield was 0.30 and 0.37 kg per 10‐unit increase in silage D‐value respectively. Milk protein concentration increased, and fat concentration tended to increase with enhanced silage D‐value. Each 10‐unit increase in D‐value reduced milk yield by 0.092 kg at a given dietary metabolizable energy intake (MEI), suggesting that the ME concentration of high D‐value silages was overestimated. Cows fed regrowth silage produced 0.55 kg/day more energy‐corrected milk than those fed primary growth silage at a given dietary MEI. The prediction models can be used to improve ration formulation systems or incorporated into economic models for optimizing milk production in various farming systems.

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Section: Effect Of Grass Maturity Stage On Milk Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling feed intake and milk yield responses to different grass ley harvesting strategies

Pang

Krizsan

Sairanen

et al. 2019

Grass and Forage Science

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“…Martin and Blaxter (1965) estimated that during ammonia and urea infusion, 73% of heat produced per gram of N infused (15.9 kJ/g out of a total of 21.8 kJ/g) was associated with urea production from ammonia. Reed et al (2017) estimated a reduction in digestible energy balance of 14.6 kJ/g of N fed above requirement, and an increase in heat production between 17.2 and 31.7 kJ/g of excess N. According to the meta-analysis of Spek et al (2013a), urinary N excretion ranges from 100 to 400 g/d. Considering the mean increase in heat production per gram of excess N from Reed et al (2017), the energy lost via heat production associated with urinary N excreted in this range is 7.3 MJ/d.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Reed et al (2017) estimated a reduction in digestible energy balance of 14.6 kJ/g of N fed above requirement, and an increase in heat production between 17.2 and 31.7 kJ/g of excess N. According to the meta-analysis of Spek et al (2013a), urinary N excretion ranges from 100 to 400 g/d. Considering the mean increase in heat production per gram of excess N from Reed et al (2017), the energy lost via heat production associated with urinary N excreted in this range is 7.3 MJ/d. Energy required to process AA and excrete excess N also varies with the form in which dietary protein is supplied (i.e., rumen-degradable vs. rumenundegradable protein; Reed et al, 2017).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Considering the mean increase in heat production per gram of excess N from Reed et al (2017), the energy lost via heat production associated with urinary N excreted in this range is 7.3 MJ/d. Energy required to process AA and excrete excess N also varies with the form in which dietary protein is supplied (i.e., rumen-degradable vs. rumenundegradable protein; Reed et al, 2017). Furthermore, formulating diets with EAA-balanced MP in support of maximal mammary gland AA extraction and use for milk protein synthesis can improve postabsorptive N efficiency and increase milk protein yield (Haque et al, 2012;Arriola Apelo et al, 2014).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Energy and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows at low or high metabolizable protein levels is affected differently by postrumen glucogenic and lipogenic substrates

Nichols

Dijkstra

Laar

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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This study tested the effects of energy from glucogenic (glucose; GG) or lipogenic (palm olein; LG) substrates at low (LMP) and high (HMP) metabolizable protein levels on whole-body energy and N partitioning of dairy cattle. Six rumen-fistulated, second-lactation Holstein-Friesian dairy cows (97 ± 13 d in milk) were randomly assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design in which each experimental period consisted of 5 d of continuous abomasal infusion followed by 2 d of rest. A total mixed ration consisting of 42% corn silage, 31% grass silage, and 27% concentrate (dry matter basis) was formulated to meet 100 and 83% of net energy and metabolizable protein requirements, respectively, and was fed at 90% of ad libitum intake by individual cow. Abomasal infusion treatments were saline (LMP-C), isoenergetic infusions (digestible energy basis) of 1,319 g/d of glucose (LMP-GG), 676 g/d of palm olein (LMP-LG; major fatty acid constituents are palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid), or 844 g/d of essential AA (HMP-C), or isoenergetic infusions of 1,319 g/d of glucose + 844 g/d of essential AA (HMP-GG) or 676 g/d of palm olein + 844 g/d of essential AA (HMP-LG). The experiment was conducted in climate respiration chambers to determine energy and N balance in conjunction with milk production and composition, nutrient digestibility, and plasma constituents. Infusion of GG and LG decreased dry matter intake, but total gross energy intake from the diet plus infusions was not affected by GG or LG. Furthermore, GG or LG did not affect total milk, protein, or lactose yields. Infusing GG or LG at the HMP level did not affect milk production differently than at the LMP level. Infusion of GG stimulated energy retention in body tissue, increased plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, decreased lipogenic metabolites in plasma, and decreased milk fat yield and milk energy output. Nitrogen intake decreased and milk N efficiency increased in response to GG, and N retention was not affected. Infusion of LG tended to increase metabolizable energy intake, increased milk fat yield and milk energy output, increased plasma triacylglycerides and long-chain fatty acid concentrations, and had no effect on energy retention. Infusion of LG decreased N intake but did not affect milk N efficiency or N retention. Compared with the LMP level, the HMP level increased dry matter intake, gross and metabolizable energy intake, and total milk, fat, protein, and lactose yields. Milk energy output increased at the HMP level, and protein level did not affect total energy retention. Heat production increased at the HMP level, but only when GG and LG were infused. The HMP level increased N intake, milk N output, and plasma urea concentration, tended to increase N retention, and decreased milk N efficiency. Regardless of protein level, GG promoted energy retention and improved milk N efficiency, but not through increased milk protein yield. Infusion of LG partitioned extra energy intake into milk and had no effect on milk N efficiency.

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“…However, when dietary protein supply is in excess of requirement there is an additional energy cost to metabolize the excess protein and to synthesize and excrete urea. For dairy cows, it has been estimated that each gram of N in excess increases heat production by 4.1 to 7.6 kcal, and decreases retained energy and milk gross energy by 4.2 to 6.6 kcal and 52 to 68 kcal, respectively (Reed et al, 2017). Moreover, losses of protein or incomplete net transfer occurs in scenarios where CP content of the diet exceeds 210 g of CP/kg of digestible organic matter (Poppi and McLennan, 1995).…”

Section: Protein and Energy Balance In Ruminant Nutritionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compensatory and catch-up growth in cattle

Silva¹

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Variation in nutrition leads to periods of restricted and accelerated changes in the liveweight of cattle, but less is known about the effect of level of nutrition and/or specific nutrients on skeletal growth. The endochondral ossification process at the epiphyseal growth plate drives longitudinal bone growth and by inference sets growth in skeletal muscle via a passive stretch mechanism. The physiological and morphological mechanism behind animal growth that drives adaptation of mammals during the transition from a low to high plane of nutrition remains a major biological question. Two experiments examined the effect of protein and energy on skeletal growth the perspective of the dimensional changes, trabecular bone remodelling (histology and bone biomarkers) and hormone. Data was then collated from these and other experiments conducted within this laboratory to develop a growth curve in liveweight-for-hip height of well-fed cattle and to identify deviations from this "normal" growth relationship.In the first experiment (Chapter 4), the effects of low and high crude protein (CP) content diets during metabolizable energy (ME) restriction on subsequent re-alimentation in Bos indicus and Bos taurus cattle were evaluated. Three treatment diets were applied; a control diet (High CP-High ME) and two restricted pair-fed ME intake diets differing in CP content (Low CP-Low ME and High CP-Low ME) for 93 days followed by re-alimentation of all treatment groups offered ad libitum access to the High CP-High ME diet for 103 days. In the second experiment (Chapter 5), a 2 x 5 factorial design was used to determine the effect of supplementation (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 g protein meal/kg LW.day) of a low CP hay during the first dry season (169 days) and weaning weight [Early (118 kg) vs. Normal (183 kg)] on longterm (~2 years) growth in liveweight and the skeleton and reproduction of replacement heifers in northern Australia. After the first dry season all treatment groups were subjected to the same level of nutrition by grazing the same pasture together.Across both experiments, higher plane of nutrition increased liveweight gain and skeletal elongation growth. Increases in ME and CP intake in cattle were positively associated with the height of proliferative and hypertrophic zones as well as with the diameter of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes measured in growth plate biopsies of the tuber coxae. In addition, the diameter of terminal hypertrophic chondrocytes showed significant correlation with the broader measure of hip height gain in both experiments. Plasma bone-specific alkaline iii phosphatase and pyridinoline appeared to be effective bone biomarkers of formation and resorption in growing cattle respectively. Low ME intake severely reduced the plasma insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1 concentration in cattle, independent of CP intake. Cattle with the higher CP intake during ME restriction had higher concentration of triiodothyronine in the plasma and this was correlated with larger terminal hypertrophic chondroc...

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Estimating the energetic cost of feeding excess dietary nitrogen to dairy cows

Cited by 45 publications

References 21 publications

Modelling feed intake and milk yield responses to different grass ley harvesting strategies

Modelling feed intake and milk yield responses to different grass ley harvesting strategies

Energy and nitrogen partitioning in dairy cows at low or high metabolizable protein levels is affected differently by postrumen glucogenic and lipogenic substrates

Compensatory and catch-up growth in cattle

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