Estimation of Cardiovascular Risk Factors & Their Relative Impact in Diabetic Mellitus-2 Adult Patients’ in Mnazi Mmoja Hospital - Zanzibar

Abstract

Diabetes is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and disturbances of carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism. We aimed to estimate the cardiovascular risk factors and their correlation with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in Zanzibar (Mnazi MMoja Hospital) hypothesizing that early detection and treatment of lipid abnormalities can minimize the risk for atherogenic cardiovascular disorders and cerebrovascular accident in patients with T2DM.
 Methods: The study populations were those patients who presented themselves at Mnazi Mmoja hospital with T2DM, and who are within the age bracket of 18 to 45 years. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were evaluated. Pearson’s correlation studies were performed between the variables of blood glucose and serum lipid profiles and also within the lipid profile parameters.
 Results: TC, TG, LDL-C mean levels were significantly higher in diabetics compared with the control subjects p< 0.05. The HDL-C was however lower in diabetics compared with the controls. Also, the mean FBG, TC, TG, and LDL-C were significantly higher in female diabetic subjects compared to the male counterparts p< 0.05. A positive correlation was observed between FBG and TC, TG and LDL-C (r=0.643 p=0.0021; r=0.679, p=0.0001; r=0.534, p=0.0091 respectively) while HDL-C showed a negative correlation (r= -0.799, p= 0.0021). TC also showed a positive correlation with TG and LDL-C (r=0.590, p=0.0021; r= 0.628, p=0.0001) and negative correlation with HDL-C ( r=-0.670, p=0.0041).
 Conclusion: There is an influence of gender on cardiovascular disease risk factors with more of the females seriously at risk. Measurement of serum lipid profile should be introduced to the management plan of diabetes mellitus. There is an urgent need for the establishment of regional and national training courses for diabetic educators and also the creation of new evidence-based management plan for diabetics in Zanzibar for a better healthcare.

Effect of Extracts of Kigelia Africana Fruit and Sorghum Bicolor Stalk on the Biochemical Parameters of Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats

“…These findings are in line with other workers [2,37], who have shown that Many anti-diabetic plants have beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Dada et al [10,38], also explained that increased lipid abnormalities are a significant risk factor for cardiovascular complications in type 2 diabetes; hence Lowering LDL-Chol, triglyceride, and raising HDL-Chol has been shown to reduce microvascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Additionally, According to Murali et al, and Juma et al [10,39] significant control on serum lipids may present hypercholesterolemia's simultaneous coexistence hypertriglyceridemia and also reduce the cardiovascular risk factors.…”

“…Despite the introduction of various hypoglycemic agents, diabetes and its complication continue to be a significant problem in the world population [8]. The complication is mainly associated with a risk of atherosclerosis [9,10], coronary heart disease [10,11], stroke, and peripheral vascular diseases [12,13]. Biochemical changes are part of major observable clinical and pathological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus as a derangement in these parameters' levels increase the risk of complications.…”

“…Biochemical changes are part of major observable clinical and pathological factors associated with Diabetes mellitus as a derangement in these parameters' levels increase the risk of complications. Some workers had observed persistent dyslipidaemia among people with diabetes with the characteristic features of high plasma triglyceride concentration, reduced HDL-Chol concentration, and increased concentration of LDL-Chol particles [10]. These changes are caused by increased free fatty acid flux secondary to insulin resistance and aggravated by increased inflammatory adipokines [14].…”