--This paper investigates various winding loss separation approaches applicable to the thermal analysis of electrical machines, transformers and wound passive components. The accurate temperature prediction and identification of hot-spots within such electromagnetic devices is strongly dependent on the absolute power loss data as well as the loss distribution within the subassemblies or regions of the device. The losses within a device are often defined as the average loss over a particular region, for example, the winding loss, core loss or magnet loss. However, such a loss definition might not yield the required fidelity or resolution, particularly if localised power loss such as ac winding loss is present during device operation. To account for the inhomogeneous winding loss, a more detailed loss separation is required. In this paper, the winding subassembly is subdivided into a number of subregions accounting for both the active length and end-winding.
I. INTRODUCTIONHERMAL analysis of electromagnetic devices has become an essential element of the design-development process and is particularly important when considering compact, cost-effective and high-efficiency designs. A detailed insight into the thermal behaviour of a machine prior to the manufacturing stage is particularly desirable as it allows various performance measures to be assessed, for example, the power output capability and the efficiency under the intended operating conditions. However, the accuracy of thermal models is affected by numerous factors, some of which include the thermal material data, power loss data, manufacture and assembly factors, and thermal model formulation [1]- [14]. A reliable thermal model typically requires a degree of calibration and is usually informed from experiments or previous experience. This allows for the manufacture and assembly as well as the operating conditions of a machine design to be accounted for in the Rafal Wrobel is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK and with Motor Design Ltd., Ellesmere, SY12 0EG, UK (e-mail: dr.rafal.wrobel@ieee.org) Nick Simpson is with the Department of Electrical Engineering, the University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK (e-mail: dr.nick.simpson@ieee.org). model definition. Such a thermal model allows for the behaviour of the machine to be predicted at various operating points providing that the appropriate power loss data is available. There are various loss components present within a machine assembly during its operation. In general, these include electromagnetic loss components when considering electromagnetic transducers such as transformers and inductors with the addition of mechanical losses and motion related electromagnetic losses when considering electromechanical machines such as motors and actuators. There is a wide body of work devoted to power loss derivation and separation using both experimental and theoretical approaches [1]-[21]. It is important to note that the experimental loss measureme...