Estimation of ionospheric reflection heights using CG and IC lightning electric field waveforms

Leal, Adonis F. R.; Rocha, Brígida Ramati Pereira da; Rakov, Vladimir A.

doi:10.1109/sipda.2017.8116926

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These results match well with the mean ionospheric heights calculated by Leal et al. (2017), which are 90–92 km. The methodology used here shows that to achieve these comparable results, the amplitude waveform bank needs to prioritize low order skywaves and the method using the coherency waveform bank contributes equally to different order skywaves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…The average ionospheric heights over the entire propagation path determined by the amplitude waveform bank and the coherency waveform bank are 90.8 and 90.7 km with the same standard deviation of 1.2 km. These results match well with the mean ionospheric heights calculated by Leal et al (2017), which are 90-92 km. The methodology used here shows that to achieve these comparable results, the amplitude waveform bank needs to prioritize low order skywaves and the method using the coherency waveform bank contributes equally to different order skywaves.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

“…These results match well with the mean ionospheric heights derived by Leal et al. (2017), who also used the data collected during summer nighttime. Their mean ionospheric heights calculated by their CG waveforms are 90–92 km.…”

Section: Comparison Between Amplitude Waveform Bank and Coherency Wav...supporting

confidence: 90%

“…The amplitude and coherency determined average ionospheric height h over all available distance groups are 90.8 and 90.7 km and both methods give a standard deviation of ±1.2 km. These results match well with the mean ionospheric heights derived by Leal et al (2017), who also used the data collected during summer nighttime. Their mean ionospheric heights calculated by their CG waveforms are 90-92 km.…”

Section: Comparison Between Amplitude Waveform Bank and Coherency Wav...supporting

confidence: 86%

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Coherency of Lightning Sferics

Bai

Füllekrug

2022

Radio Science

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Lightning discharges are natural phenomena that are able to generate energies up to several GJ (Rakov & Uman, 2006). The transient radio waves emitted by the lightning discharges are called "atmospherics", or "sferics" for short. These electromagnetic waves widely cover the frequency spectrum from ∼1 Hz to ∼300 MHz, with relatively large spectral amplitudes in the extremely low frequency (ELF) range and very low frequency (VLF) range and a relative maximum at ∼10 kHz (e.g., Burke & Jones, 1992;Taylor, 1960;Weidman & Krider, 1986). Another source of VLF electromagnetic waves is radio transmitters (Barr et al., 2000).Lightning discharges fall into two major categories: cloud-to-ground discharges (CGs) and in-cloud discharges (ICs), where the CGs exhibit much larger peak currents compared to the ICs (e.g., Betz et al., 2009;Fiser et al., 2010). Cloud-to-ground discharges can lead to serious hazards and are more relevant to human life than ICs. The peak current of CGs has been studied for the purpose of lightning protection (e.g., Chowdhuri et al., 2005;Schulz et al., 2016;Takami & Okabe, 2007;Visacro, 2004), and existing lightning location networks mainly aim at detecting cloud-to-ground discharges with the time-of-arrival (TOA) technique.The ionosphere (σ ≈ 10 −4 Sm −1 − 10 −2 Sm −1 ) and the earth's ground (σ ≈ 10 −3 Sm −1 ) form a natural wave guide with large conductivity boundaries, while the atmosphere in between exhibits a much lower conductivity. This wave-guide is able to guide the propagation of sferics (e.g.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 88%

Section: Comparison Between Amplitude Waveform Bank and Coherency Wav...supporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Comparison Between Amplitude Waveform Bank and Coherency Wav...supporting

confidence: 86%

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Coherency of Lightning Sferics

Bai

Füllekrug

2022

Radio Science

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“…They are abundant in growing thunderstorms and mostly occur before the main electrical activity, i.e., the production of lightning flashes sets in. They usually take place at high altitudes, at heights around 10 km or more [3,4,16,17]. While CIDs are abundant in tropical thunderstorms [11], experimental observations show that CIDs are rare in Swedish thunderstorms [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modeling Compact Intracloud Discharge (CID) as a Streamer Burst

Cooray

Rubinstein

et al. 2020

Atmosphere

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Narrow Bipolar Pulses are generated by bursts of electrical activity in the cloud and these are referred to as Compact Intracloud Discharges (CID) or Narrow Bipolar Events in the current literature. These discharges usually occur in isolation without much electrical activity before or after the event, but sometimes they are observed to initiate lightning flashes. In this paper, we have studied the features of CIDs assuming that they consist of streamer bursts without any conducting channels. A typical CID may contain about 109 streamer heads during the time of its maximum growth. A CID consists of a current front of several nanosecond duration that travels forward with the speed of the streamers. The amplitude of this current front increases initially during the streamer growth and decays subsequently as the streamer burst continues to propagate. Depending on the conductivity of the streamer channels, there could be a low-level current flow behind this current front which transports negative charge towards the streamer origin. The features of the current associated with the CID are very different from those of the radiation field that it generates. The duration of the radiation field of a CID is about 10–20 μs, whereas the duration of the propagating current pulse associated with the CID is no more than a few nanoseconds in duration. The peak current of a CID is the result of a multitude of small currents associated with a large number of streamers and, if all the forward moving streamer heads are located on a single horizontal plane, the cumulative current that radiates at its peak value could be about 108 A. On the other hand, the current associated with an individual streamer is no more than a few hundreds of mA. However, if the location of the forward moving streamer heads are spread in a vertical direction, the peak current can be reduced considerably. Moreover, this large current is spread over an area of several tens to several hundreds of square meters. The study shows that the streamer model of the CID could explain the fine structure of the radiation fields present both in the electric field and electric field time derivative.

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Comparison of ionospheric reflection heights for LEMPs produced by lightning return strokes of different polarity

Leal

Rakov

2020

Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics

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Estimation of ionospheric reflection heights using CG and IC lightning electric field waveforms

Cited by 8 publications

References 9 publications

Coherency of Lightning Sferics

Coherency of Lightning Sferics

Modeling Compact Intracloud Discharge (CID) as a Streamer Burst

Comparison of ionospheric reflection heights for LEMPs produced by lightning return strokes of different polarity

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