“…Even in absence of storms during the quiet period of the year, dust optical depth remains relatively large (~0.5). While the lower atmosphere is dominated by the dust lifted from the Martian surface, dust found in the upper atmosphere originates predominantly from interplanetary sources and partly from the planet's natural satellites (i.e., Phobos and Deimos) (Andersson et al, 2015; Pabari & Bhalodi, ). Earlier observations of the spatial and seasonal changes of the dust (e.g., Briggs et al, ; Thorpe, , and references therein) have shown that typical regional dust storms always occur when Mars is near its perihelion, while the occurrence of global dust storms (e.g., dust storm observed by Viking in 1971 and 1972) is quite rare—unlike global dust storms, the planet‐encircling dust events are observed to occur every 3–4 Martian years.…”