Estimation of personal exposure to ambient nicotine in daily environment

Muramatsu, Motohiko; Umemura, Setsuko; Fukui, Junichi; Arai, Tatsuo; Kira, Shiro

doi:10.1007/bf00377917

Cited by 34 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…The measured nicotine con centrations (table 1-3) from a few to 90 pg/m3 are of the same order of magnitude as those reported in other stud ies [5,[10][11][12],…”

Section: Additional Locationssupporting

confidence: 74%

Tobacco Smoke in Shopping Mails and Restaurants

Löfroth¹

1993

Indoor Built Environ

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The tobacco smoke contribution to indoor air pollution has been studied by analyses of nicotine and the mutagenic response of particulate matter collected with portable personal samplers during visits to public places. In a comparison between two shopping malls with different smoking policies, the concentration of indicator components was higher in a mall where smoking was allowed than in a mall where smoking was not allowed except in cafeterias. A special study of a restaurant showed that the air of its nonsmoking section contained tobacco smoke as the ventilation air was drawn from the smoking area into the nonsmoking area. The mutagenic response of particulate matter was in all cases higher in indoor air than in ambient outdoor air whenever tobacco smoke was present in the indoor air.

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“…The measured nicotine con centrations (table 1-3) from a few to 90 pg/m3 are of the same order of magnitude as those reported in other stud ies [5,[10][11][12],…”

Section: Additional Locationssupporting

confidence: 74%

Tobacco Smoke in Shopping Mails and Restaurants

Löfroth¹

1993

Indoor Built Environ

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“…The children reached significantly higher U-cotinine,, than the adults (means: 22 [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 18-261 versus 13 [95' /0 CI, 9.0-1 61 mg/l adj, p = .005 [Table 11). Furthermore, the mean U-cotinine at the plateau, which was correlated closely to the Ucoti ni ne,,, (R2 = .94) was significantly higher in children than in adults (1 8 versus l l mg/l adj; p = .002).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Urinary Cotinine in Children and Adults during and after Semiexperimental Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

Willers

Skarping

Dalene

et al. 1995

Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal

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Urinary cotinine (U-cotinine) as a biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure was evaluated in 14 children (age 4-11 y) and in 7 adults who were exposed to environmental tobacco smoke at an air nicotine level of 110 mg/m3 for 2 h in a bus. Nicotine in air and U-cotinine were measured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry before, during, and after the experiment. U-cotinine rose rapidly to a maximum after a median of 6 h following the end of exposure; remained at an apparent plateau for half a day; and then decreased exponentially, with a mean half-time of 19 h (95% confidence interval 18-20 h; no significant difference between children and adults). The maximum U-cotinine was higher in the children (mean = 22 mg/l) than in the adults (13 mg/l; p = .005); decreased with age among the children (r = -.74; p = .002); and increased as the estimated inhaled nicotine dose increased. Therefore, the findings of the present study showed that young children had higher U-cotinine than adults at the same experimental environmental tobacco smoke exposure, probably because they had a higher relative nicotine dose because of a higher relative ventilation rate, and possibly also because of metabolic differences; the elimination rate did not differ. The long half-time makes U-cotinine a good biomarker of environmental tobacco smoke exposure; the time of sampling is not very critical. Dilution-adjusted concentrations should be employed, and in children, preferably by density correction. A certain urinary cotinine level indicates a lower environmental tobacco smoke exposure in a small child than in an adult.

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“…Means of 3.1-4.5 mg/m 3 (Moschandreas and Vuilleumier, 1999) and 6.0 mg/m 3 (Maskarinec et al, 2000) were reported in smoking sections of US restaurants. Mean nicotine levels of 14.8 mg/m 3 (Muramatsu et al, 1987) (Meger et al, 2000), and 0.4-46 mg/m 3 averaged at 7.0 mg/m 3 (Hyva¨rinen et al, 2000) have been published. Nicotine levels shown in Table 2 are within the range of previously reported results in the comparable geographic regions.…”

Section: Nicotine Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

Bohanon

Piadé

Schorp

et al. 2003

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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During a pilot study of indoor air quality in restaurants, a survey was performed in 34 medium-priced restaurants in six countries in Asia, Europe, and North America using a uniform protocol. The concentration of selected constituents of environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) present in occupied areas was determined during lunch and dinner periods by measuring the levels of four particulate-phase markers and two gas-phase markers. The particulatephase markers determined were respirable suspended particles, ultraviolet particulate matter, fluorescing particulate matter, and solanesol particulate matter. The gas-phase markers were nicotine and 3-ethenylpyridine (3-EP). Correlation between the markers was investigated to explore an improved monitoring approach. It was concluded that at least one marker in each phase was necessary to describe adequately the ETS load. An assessment was made of the ventilation system in each restaurant, and effective ventilation rates were determined based on CO 2 measurements. Smoking activity was also monitored. These data were used to model nicotine and 3-EP concentrations that resulted in a satisfactory prediction of their levels, especially at the higher concentrations. A total number of 1370 questionnaires were returned by the restaurant patrons in five countries. In some countries, dissatisfaction rates above 20% were observed for draft, freshness of air, and noise. The dissatisfaction rates related to tobacco smoke were less than 20%, which is lower than would be predicted based on measured ETS levels. Based on the results of this international pilot study, recommendations are given for future studies of this type.

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Estimation of personal exposure to ambient nicotine in daily environment

Cited by 34 publications

References 8 publications

Tobacco Smoke in Shopping Mails and Restaurants

Tobacco Smoke in Shopping Mails and Restaurants

Urinary Cotinine in Children and Adults during and after Semiexperimental Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke

An international survey of indoor air quality, ventilation, and smoking activity in restaurants: a pilot study

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