To evaluate the actual exposure level of nonsmokers to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) in their daily life, the exposure level of ambient nicotine was measured with a nicotine personal monitor carried by a nonsmoker. Average exposure levels of nicotine, even in such smoky places as cars, coffee shops and pubs, were less than 45 micrograms/m3. As a result of all-day monitoring, the highest amount of nicotine inhaled in a day was estimated, in this study, to be up to 310 micrograms, equivalent to actively smoking 0.31 ordinary cigarettes.
SUMMARYThe temperature and smoke components distributions inside a burning cigarette have been briefly reviewed. Then, focusing on our mathematical model to explain the natural smoldering mechanism of a cigarette and new mathematical models recently published by other authors, an approach to modeling a burning cigarette has been outlined. It has been more than forty years since modeling the burning process of a cigarette was first attempted. Although the modeling work, which has been adopted as a means to research the burning mechanism of a cigarette, has seen a certain degree of progress in the last forty years, almost all mathematical models published are restricted to a burning cigarette under a free convection or a steady draw condition. No realistic model has been published yet to explain the processes occurring inside a burning cigarette under an intermittent puffing cycle.
RESUMEUn bref aperçu sur la distribution de la température et des composants de la fumée à l'intérieur d'une cigarette incandescente est donné. Puis, en se basant sur un modèle mathématique pour expliquer le mécanisme de la combustion statique d'une cigarette, et des nouveaux modèles récemment publiés par d'autres auteurs, une approche permettant de modéliser une cigarette en combustion est présentée. Depuis plus de quarante ans des modèles pour décrire le processus de combustion d'une cigarette ont été mis au point. Bien que certains progrès aient été réalisés pendant ces quarante dernières années avec ces modèles, appliqués comme moyen d'étudier le mécanisme de combustion d'une cigarette, presque tous les modèles mathématiques publiés sont limités aux processus de combustion à convection naturelle ou à tirage constant. Jusqu'à présent aucun modèle réaliste n'a été publié, permettant d'expliquer le processus à l'intérieur d'une cigarette incandescente lors de bouffées intermittentes. [Beitr. Tabakforsch. Int. 21 (2005) 286-293]
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