Estimation of Wind Penetration as Limited by Frequency Deviation

Overcoming Challenges of Renewable Energy on Future Smart Grid

“…With more connections of wind farms on the grid system, some impact on the conventional grid system operation needs to be investigated. Large amount of wind energy can result in unpredictable variability in order of GW, thus challenging the smart grid [13]. The conventional grid is dependent on constant power flow but the wind energy is fluctuating and intermittent resulting in spike output power due to large in-rush of wind and also it can bring a change to the dynamic operating condition of the power system [3].…”

Mitigation of wind power fluctuations in smart grids

“…Primary-, secondary-, and tertiary-control have the ability to absorb or supply a certain amount of energy to force the frequency of a power system back to its desired frequency level. The susceptibility of a power system in relation to wind power is discussed in [3], [4], and [5]. The susceptibility of the Dutch power system is depicted in [6].…”

“…The moment of inertia and the rotor disc averaging effect will attenuate high frequency wind fluctuations. In [5] the moment of inertia of a wind turbine is described and stated in (iv).…”

A Supercapacitor Remaining Energy Control Method for Smoothing a Fluctuating Renewable Energy Power

“…Some researches concern with the penetration limit posed by wind turbulence. Wind velocity fluctuation accelerates and decelerates the turbo alternators in power plants causes the system frequency to deviate from the 60 Hz standard [3,4] and presents a method of quantifying wind penetration based on the amount of fluctuating power that can be filtered by wind turbine generator [5]. Energy storage system (ESS) into the wind power can suppress the output power fluctuation and ESS was discussed aiming for a mitigation of fluctuating power and power system stabilization [6].…”