Estimations of total serum testosterone levels in Nigerian term neonates at birth using anogenital distance measurements

Abstract

BackgroundIn genital anomalies, measurement of total testosterone is required but is expensive and technically difficult to assay. Therefore, the measurement of anogenital distance, which is non-invasive and cheap, could be used to estimate total serum testosterone in neonates. The objective if this study is to determine the relationship between total serum testosterone and anogenital distance and estimate total serum testosterone levels in term neonates using measurements of anogenital distance.MethodsThis was a prospective cross-sectional study. Consecutive healthy term neonates were recruited in the first 72 h of postnatal life. Anogenital distance was measured with a digital vernier calliper. Total serum testosterone was determined using enzyme linked immunoassay.ResultsA total of 240 term neonates comprising 124 (51.7%) males and 116 (48.3%) females were studied. The overall mean anogenital distance was 19.7 (7.7) mm and 26.5 (3.7) mm for males which was more than twice 12.4 (2.3) mm for females (t = 35.3, p < 0.001, 95% confidence interval [CI], 13–14). The overall mean total serum testosterone level was 267.1 (204.8) ng/dL; and 357.4 (241.7) ng/dL in males which was more than twice of 170.6 (80.7) ng/dL for females (t = 7.9, p < 0.001, 95% CI, 144–221). There was positive correlation between total serum testosterone and anogenital distance (r = 0.425, p < 0.001). The correlation was stronger in males than in females. The linear regression equation was as follows: total serum testosterone (ng/dL) = 44.3 + 11.3*AGD (mm) with 95% CI, 8–14.ConclusionsThe known value of anogenital distance could be used to estimate total serum testosterone levels in term neonates.

Evaluation of Some Hormones Total Antioxidant Capacity and Malondialdehyde Levels in Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome Women attending the gynecology Clinic at Nnewi

“…All the reagents were commercially obtained and the manufacturers' standard operating procedures were strictly observed Estradiol, luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone, progesterone, and testosterone, were determined by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay using ACCUBIND ELISA kits as described by 23 , 24 , also DHEA by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as described by 25 . Lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) was evaluated as described by 26 , while total antioxidant activity was determined as described by 27…”

The Variability and Determinants of Testosterone Measurements in Children: A Critical Review

“…We divided the aims of the studies into five categories. First, two studies examined the associations between T and child health including autistic spectrum disorder (El-Baz et al, 2014;Kung et al, 2016), whereas nine studies examined the associations of T levels with child development including physical growth (bodyweight, length, body mass index, skinfold triceps) (Becker et al, 2015;Kiviranta et al, 2016), motor and language development (Cho et al, 2017;Whitehouse et al, 2012), pubertal transition (Mouritsen et al, 2014), anogenital distance in neonates (Avidime et al, 2011;Jain et al, 2018;Kareem et al, 2020), and postnatal activation of HPG axis after insulin injection (de Jong et al, 2012). The second category included the five studies that aimed to identify T measurements with greater accuracy and precision by comparing methods and materials (Ankarberg-Lindgren & Norjavaara, 2015;Contreras et al, 2017;Fang et al, 2017;Hamer et al, 2018;Knickmeyer et al, 2011).…”

“…Mouritsen et al (2014) reported that pubertal transition-related serum T levels were quantifiable 1.5 years earlier by LC/MS rather than RIA, especially in boys. Avidime et al (2011), Jain et al (2018, and Kareem et al (2020) examined whether AGD was related to T levels in cord and postnatal blood. Avidime et al (2011) reported no gender differences in T levels measured by EIA between boys (2.78 + 0.30 ng/ml) and girls (2.09 + 0.22 ng/ml) as well as no correlation between AGD and T levels in both sexes.…”

“…Avidime et al (2011) reported no gender differences in T levels measured by EIA between boys (2.78 + 0.30 ng/ml) and girls (2.09 + 0.22 ng/ml) as well as no correlation between AGD and T levels in both sexes. Jain et al (2018) and Kareem et al (2020) reported that T levels using LC/MS and ELISA were significantly higher for boys (13.0 ng/dl in cord blood and 357.4 ng/dl in postnatal blood) than girls (4.1 ng/dl in cord blood and 170.6 ng/dl in postnatal blood), but the AGD in both boys and girls were either not correlated with T levels after controlling for the potential confounders (Jain et al, 2018) or positively correlated with T levels (Kareem et al, 2020). De Jong et al (2012 examined the association between urinary T levels measured by ELISA and postnatal activation of HPG with insulin therapy.…”