“…Estrogen has long been known to influence several neurotransmitter systems, including those that are cholinergic (Luine, 1985; Dominguez et al, 2004; Kompoliti et al, 2004; Bora et al, 2005; Bartholomeusz et al, 2008; Ping et al, 2008), serotonergic (Kendall et al, 1981; Halbreich et al, 1995; Rubinow et al, 1998; Archer, 1999; Lasiuk and Hegadoren, 2007), adrenergic (Sar and Stumpf, 1981; Ungar et al, 1993; Wang et al, 2006), or dopaminergic (Roy et al, 1990). Hormones may act through inducing temporary changes in neuronal microstructure, such as dendritic spine formation (Woolley et al, 1990), affecting neurotransmitters and receptors (McEwen, 1981; Arnold and Breedlove, 1985; Meusburger and Keast, 2001), altering cell membranes (McEwen et al, 1991) and modifying cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow (Namba and Sokoloff, 1984; Nehlig et al, 1985; Bishop and Simpkins, 1995; Eberling et al, 2000).…”