“…There is compelling evidence that G protein-coupled estrogen receptor mediates vasodilatory effects of E2 in the renal (Chang et al, 2019) and coronary (Masood et al, 2010;Meyer et al, 2010) vasculature via stimulation of nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide and prostaglandin release, alongside suppression of calcium sensitivity. In the gastrointestinal system, similar effects of G protein-coupled estrogen receptor activation are observed, inducing relaxation of the rat colon (Tang et al, 2015), human gall bladder (Lee et al, 2016) and the porcine lower oesophageal sphincter (Tsai et al, 2018). In the urinary tract, there is evidence of a functional role for this receptor where its specific agonist G-1 decreases human bladder urothelial cell proliferation (Luo and Liu, 2020).…”