“…TMD pain is significantly related to synovitis, internal derangement, and osteoarthritis, indicating that joint inflammation could be a major reason for TMD pain (Holmlund et al, 1989;Murakami et al, 1991;Israel et al, 1997;Kopp, 1998). Although sex-based differences in TMD pain perception may also be related to social and cultural factors, attention has long been paid to the possible roles that estrogens play in TMD (Abubaker et al, 1993;Okuda et al, 1996;LeResche et al, 1997LeResche et al, , 2003Cheng et al, 2000;Landi et al, 2004).…”