“…There are some interesting findings on sex differences of NFkB activity, with most focusing on hepatic activity. In one study, ovariectomized female rats receiving constant estrogen administration had decreased hepatic IKB mRNA expression and increased NFkB activity following alcohol consumption compared with controls and rats receiving testosterone (Lee et al, 2012). In another study, chronic ethanol administration was found to increase hepatic levels of NFkB in female rats to a greater extent than males, a finding that may explain why alcohol-induced liver injuries are more prevalent in the females (Kono et al, 2000).…”